Table 6.

Reported neuroprotective and regenerative effects of cellular biologics in animal models of MS.

Outcome	Embryonic stem cells	Mesenchymal stem cells		Neural and glial precursor cells
	Cuprizone	Chemical demyelination	EAE	Chemical demyelination	EAE/Viral
Increased viability of OPC and/or OLG		✓ ✓✓	✓
Preserved quantity, function, or integrity of neurons/axons		✓ ✓ ✓	✓ ✓		✓✓✓
Protected against myelin loss and/or atrophy and lesions	✓	✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓✓	✓ ✓✓	✓	✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
Reduced CNS oxidative stress, apoptosis, or cellular dysfunction		✓ ✓	✓ ✓
Stimulated production of neurotrophins and growth factors			✓ ✓		✓✓✓
Suppressed inflammatory microglial and/or astrocyte activation		✓ ✓ ✓ ✓	✓ ✓		✓✓
Promoted NPC/OPC proliferation or differentiation		✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓	✓ ✓	✓✓✓	✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓✓
Induced migration and recruitment of NPC/OPC		✓	✓ ✓	✓✓	✓✓✓
Induced formation of new myelin		✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓		✓✓	✓✓✓✓
Suppressed myelin inhibitory factors					✓
Improved neurological function (physical or cognitive)		✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓	✓ ✓	✓	✓✓✓✓✓✓✓

EAE: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; NPC: neural precursor cell; OLG: oligodendrocyte; OPC: oligodendrocyte precursor cell.

Each check (✓) represents an observed outcome from an individual study.