TABLE 3.
The within-group difference in physical activity, fitness performances, psychological well-being, and quality of life at 1- and 3-month follow-up in three groups: Intention-to-treat analysis.
| CAU (n = 105) |
BI (n = 108) |
CI (n = 105) |
||||
| Mean ± SD | Cohen’s d | Mean ± SD | Cohen’s d | Mean ± SD | Cohen’s d | |
|
Physical activity
| ||||||
| Days spent engaging in physical activity while seated | ||||||
| T1 | 1.8 ± 2.4## | 2.4 ± 2.6# | 2.1 ± 2.6## | 0 | ||
| T2, (T2 vs. T1) | 2.5 ± 2.6 | 0.26** | 2.8 ± 2.4 | 0.16 | 2.8 ± 2.4 | 0.29** |
| T3, (T3 vs. T1) | 2.3 ± 2.4 | 0.19* | 3.2 ± 2.5 | 0.30** | 2.7 ± 2.5 | 0.26* |
| Days spent engaging in physical activity while standing | ||||||
| T1 | 2.1 ± 2.4 | 2.5 ± 2.6# | 2.2 ± 2.6### | |||
| T2, (T2 vs. T1) | 2.2 ± 2.5 | 0.04 | 3.0 ± 2.5 | 0.18 | 3.1 ± 2.5 | 0.36*** |
| T3, (T3 vs. T1) | 2.4 ± 2.4 | 0.10 | 3.3 ± 2.5 | 0.30* | 3.0 ± 2.5 | 0.33*** |
| Days spent engaging in moderate physical activity | ||||||
| T1 | 2.2 ± 2.5 | 2.4 ± 2.5 | 1.9 ± 2.1### | |||
| T2, (T2 vs. T1) | 2.0 ± 2.3 | –0.09 | 2.3 ± 2.4 | –0.07 | 3.0 ± 2.4 | 0.50*** |
| T3, (T3 vs. T1) | 2.2 ± 2.5 | 0.02 | 2.1 ± 2.3 | –0.12 | 2.7 ± 2.3 | 0.36*** |
| Days spent engaging in vigorous physical activity | ||||||
| T1 | 1.3 ± 1.9 | 1.4 ± 1.8 | 1.1 ± 1.6# | |||
| T2, (T2 vs. T1) | 1.2 ± 1.7 | –0.05 | 1.6 ± 2.0 | 0.08 | 1.6 ± 1.9 | 0.30** |
| T3, (T3 vs. T1) | 1.1 ± 1.5 | –0.11 | 1.5 ± 1.9 | 0.07 | 1.5 ± 1.8 | 0.21 |
|
Fitness performance | ||||||
| Single-leg stand test, seconds | ||||||
| T1 | 85.1 ± 40.0 | 91.8 ± 39.8 | 84.6 ± 40.1 | |||
| T2, (T2 vs. T1) | 84.4 ± 38.5 | –0.02 | 90.3 ± 37.7 | –0.04 | 83.9 ± 39.3 | –0.02 |
| T3, (T3 vs. T1) | 83.6 ± 38.8 | –0.05 | 90.5 ± 37.9 | –0.06 | 81.7 ± 40.2 | –0.03 |
| 30-s chair stand test, number of stands | ||||||
| T1 | 19.4 ± 7.9### | 18.9 ± 7.6### | 22.4 ± 8.9# | |||
| T2, (T2 vs. T1) | 21.3 ± 9.0 | 0.22*** | 21.3 ± 8.1 | 0.30*** | 23.7 ± 9.8 | 0.14* |
| T3, (T3 vs. T1) | 22.1 ± 9.1 | 0.32*** | 21.8 ± 8.4 | 0.35*** | 23.5 ± 8.7 | 0.12* |
|
Psychological well-being | ||||||
| Self-esteem | ||||||
| T1 | 27.0 ± 4.7 | 27.0 ± 3.6# | 27.7 ± 4.1 | |||
| T2, (T2 vs. T1) | 27.4 ± 4.6 | 0.08 | 27.6 ± 3.5 | 0.16** | 27.6 ± 4.6 | –0.03 |
| T3, (T3 vs. T1) | 27.1 ± 5.1 | 0.02 | 27.5 ± 3.7 | 0.13 | 27.8 ± 4.2 | 0.00 |
| Subjective happiness | ||||||
| T1 | 17.0 ± 4.7 | 17.7 ± 4.1### | 17.7 ± 4.8 | |||
| T2, (T2 vs. T1) | 17.5 ± 4.6 | 0.11 | 17.9 ± 4.0 | 0.05 | 18.0 ± 4.3 | 0.07 |
| T3, (T3 vs. T1) | 17.7 ± 4.2 | 0.14 | 18.9 ± 4.0 | 0.29*** | 18.1 ± 4.3 | 0.09 |
| Anxiety and depression symptoms | ||||||
| T1 | 2.5 ± 2.6 | 2.9 ± 2.8 | 3.0 ± 3.0 | |||
| T2, (T2 vs. T1) | 2.7 ± 3.0 | 0.08 | 2.8 ± 3.0 | –0.05 | 2.4 ± 2.4 | –0.21* |
| T3, (T3 vs. T1) | 2.5 ± 2.6 | 0.03 | 2.7 ± 2.9 | –0.09 | 2.4 ± 2.5 | –0.19 |
| Life satisfaction | ||||||
| T1 | 20.8 ± 7.4 | 21.9 ± 7.1 | 21.6 ± 6.8 | |||
| T2, (T2 vs. T1) | 21.6 ± 7.5 | 0.11 | 21.9 ± 6.5 | 0.00 | 22.6 ± 6.8 | 0.16 |
| T3, (T3 vs. T1) | 21.7 ± 7.4 | 0.12 | 22.8 ± 6.2 | 0.14 | 22.8 ± 6.8 | 0.18 |
|
Quality of life | ||||||
| Physical quality of life | ||||||
| T1 | 47.4 ± 8.6 | 47.5 ± 8.5 | 46.3 ± 9.0 | |||
| T2, (T2 vs. T1) | 46.8 ± 8.2 | –0.07 | 47.9 ± 8.5 | 0.04 | 47.3 ± 8.3 | 0.12 |
| T3, (T3 vs. T1) | 48.2 ± 7.8 | 0.09 | 47.3 ± 8.2 | –0.02 | 46.6 ± 8.3 | 0.04 |
| Mental quality of life | ||||||
| T1 | 44.3 ± 9.9# | 44.1 ± 8.5 | 44.8 ± 8.9 | |||
| T2, (T2 vs. T1) | 46.4 ± 10.2 | 0.21** | 44.9 ± 9.4 | 0.09 | 46.5 ± 9.1 | 0.19* |
| T3, (T3 vs. T1) | 45.3 ± 10.4 | 0.10 | 45.1 ± 8.9 | 0.11 | 45.5 ± 8.7 | 0.08 |
CAU = Care-as-usual control group, BI = Brief intervention group, CI = Combined intervention group.
T1 = baseline, T2 = 1-month follow-up, T3 = 3-month follow-up.
Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance and paired t-test to compare parametric data among three timepoints and between two timepoints, respectively.
T2 vs. T1 = values at 1-month follow-up versus values at baseline; T3 vs. T1 = values at 3-month follow-up versus values at baseline.
Difference among three timepoints: #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001; Difference between two timepoints: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
Effect size (Cohen’s d): small = 0.20, moderate = 0.50, and large = 0.80.