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. 2021 Dec 7;12:739418. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.739418

TABLE 3.

The within-group difference in physical activity, fitness performances, psychological well-being, and quality of life at 1- and 3-month follow-up in three groups: Intention-to-treat analysis.

CAU (n = 105)
BI (n = 108)
CI (n = 105)
Mean ± SD Cohen’s d Mean ± SD Cohen’s d Mean ± SD Cohen’s d
Physical activity
Days spent engaging in physical activity while seated
T1 1.8 ± 2.4## 2.4 ± 2.6# 2.1 ± 2.6## 0
T2, (T2 vs. T1) 2.5 ± 2.6 0.26** 2.8 ± 2.4 0.16 2.8 ± 2.4 0.29**
T3, (T3 vs. T1) 2.3 ± 2.4 0.19* 3.2 ± 2.5 0.30** 2.7 ± 2.5 0.26*
Days spent engaging in physical activity while standing
T1 2.1 ± 2.4 2.5 ± 2.6# 2.2 ± 2.6###
T2, (T2 vs. T1) 2.2 ± 2.5 0.04 3.0 ± 2.5 0.18 3.1 ± 2.5 0.36***
T3, (T3 vs. T1) 2.4 ± 2.4 0.10 3.3 ± 2.5 0.30* 3.0 ± 2.5 0.33***
Days spent engaging in moderate physical activity
T1 2.2 ± 2.5 2.4 ± 2.5 1.9 ± 2.1###
T2, (T2 vs. T1) 2.0 ± 2.3 –0.09 2.3 ± 2.4 –0.07 3.0 ± 2.4 0.50***
T3, (T3 vs. T1) 2.2 ± 2.5 0.02 2.1 ± 2.3 –0.12 2.7 ± 2.3 0.36***
Days spent engaging in vigorous physical activity
T1 1.3 ± 1.9 1.4 ± 1.8 1.1 ± 1.6#
T2, (T2 vs. T1) 1.2 ± 1.7 –0.05 1.6 ± 2.0 0.08 1.6 ± 1.9 0.30**
T3, (T3 vs. T1) 1.1 ± 1.5 –0.11 1.5 ± 1.9 0.07 1.5 ± 1.8 0.21

Fitness performance
Single-leg stand test, seconds
T1 85.1 ± 40.0 91.8 ± 39.8 84.6 ± 40.1
T2, (T2 vs. T1) 84.4 ± 38.5 –0.02 90.3 ± 37.7 –0.04 83.9 ± 39.3 –0.02
T3, (T3 vs. T1) 83.6 ± 38.8 –0.05 90.5 ± 37.9 –0.06 81.7 ± 40.2 –0.03
30-s chair stand test, number of stands
T1 19.4 ± 7.9### 18.9 ± 7.6### 22.4 ± 8.9#
T2, (T2 vs. T1) 21.3 ± 9.0 0.22*** 21.3 ± 8.1 0.30*** 23.7 ± 9.8 0.14*
T3, (T3 vs. T1) 22.1 ± 9.1 0.32*** 21.8 ± 8.4 0.35*** 23.5 ± 8.7 0.12*

Psychological well-being
Self-esteem
T1 27.0 ± 4.7 27.0 ± 3.6# 27.7 ± 4.1
T2, (T2 vs. T1) 27.4 ± 4.6 0.08 27.6 ± 3.5 0.16** 27.6 ± 4.6 –0.03
T3, (T3 vs. T1) 27.1 ± 5.1 0.02 27.5 ± 3.7 0.13 27.8 ± 4.2 0.00
Subjective happiness
T1 17.0 ± 4.7 17.7 ± 4.1### 17.7 ± 4.8
T2, (T2 vs. T1) 17.5 ± 4.6 0.11 17.9 ± 4.0 0.05 18.0 ± 4.3 0.07
T3, (T3 vs. T1) 17.7 ± 4.2 0.14 18.9 ± 4.0 0.29*** 18.1 ± 4.3 0.09
Anxiety and depression symptoms
T1 2.5 ± 2.6 2.9 ± 2.8 3.0 ± 3.0
T2, (T2 vs. T1) 2.7 ± 3.0 0.08 2.8 ± 3.0 –0.05 2.4 ± 2.4 –0.21*
T3, (T3 vs. T1) 2.5 ± 2.6 0.03 2.7 ± 2.9 –0.09 2.4 ± 2.5 –0.19
Life satisfaction
T1 20.8 ± 7.4 21.9 ± 7.1 21.6 ± 6.8
T2, (T2 vs. T1) 21.6 ± 7.5 0.11 21.9 ± 6.5 0.00 22.6 ± 6.8 0.16
T3, (T3 vs. T1) 21.7 ± 7.4 0.12 22.8 ± 6.2 0.14 22.8 ± 6.8 0.18

Quality of life
Physical quality of life
T1 47.4 ± 8.6 47.5 ± 8.5 46.3 ± 9.0
T2, (T2 vs. T1) 46.8 ± 8.2 –0.07 47.9 ± 8.5 0.04 47.3 ± 8.3 0.12
T3, (T3 vs. T1) 48.2 ± 7.8 0.09 47.3 ± 8.2 –0.02 46.6 ± 8.3 0.04
Mental quality of life
T1 44.3 ± 9.9# 44.1 ± 8.5 44.8 ± 8.9
T2, (T2 vs. T1) 46.4 ± 10.2 0.21** 44.9 ± 9.4 0.09 46.5 ± 9.1 0.19*
T3, (T3 vs. T1) 45.3 ± 10.4 0.10 45.1 ± 8.9 0.11 45.5 ± 8.7 0.08

CAU = Care-as-usual control group, BI = Brief intervention group, CI = Combined intervention group.

T1 = baseline, T2 = 1-month follow-up, T3 = 3-month follow-up.

Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance and paired t-test to compare parametric data among three timepoints and between two timepoints, respectively.

T2 vs. T1 = values at 1-month follow-up versus values at baseline; T3 vs. T1 = values at 3-month follow-up versus values at baseline.

Difference among three timepoints: #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001; Difference between two timepoints: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Effect size (Cohen’s d): small = 0.20, moderate = 0.50, and large = 0.80.