TABLE 3.

Association between GD and psychological/behavioral variables.

					95% CI	Heterogeneity
Psychological variables	j	k	n	robs	LL, UL	τ	τ2	I2 (%)
Depression	44	45	83,604	0.33	[0.29, 0.36]	0.14	0.019	95.6
Anxiety	36	37	76,948	0.29	[0.25, 0.33]	0.13	0.016	97.2
Aggression	17	19	35,441	0.30	[0.24, 0.35]	0.13	0.017	96.9
QOL	17	18	25,833	–0.22	[–0.31, –0.12]	0.21	0.043	96.1
Loneliness	17	18	26,677	0.29	[0.22, 0.36]	0.16	0.027	95.8
Internet addiction	18	20	25,368	0.56	[0.48, 0.63]	0.25	0.062	98.2
Game playtime	51	53	62,792	0.40	[0.35, 0.45]	0.22	0.048	97.6

j, number of studies; k, number of reported effect sizes; n, number of samples; r_obs, estimated mean effect sizes (correlation coefficient); SD_r, standard deviation for r_obs; CI, confidence interval; τ, square root of estimated tau^2; τ², estimated amount of total heterogeneity; I², total heterogeneity/total variability.