Table 1.
Anthropometric, cardiometabolic and dietary outcomes in all groups at baseline and post-intervention (mean ± SD).
| HIIT-MICT (n = 11) |
HIIT (n = 11) |
MICT (n = 10) |
CON (n = 10) |
ANCOVA |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | P-value | η2p | |
| Age (yr) | 40.2 ± 5.3 | 40.5 ± 7.1 | 40.1 ± 3.6 | 44.8 ± 6.5 | ||||||
| VO2max (mL/min/kg) | 34.4 ± 5.0 | 40.3 ± 4.6∗∗# | 34.3 ± 4.4 | 39.1 ± 5.4∗∗# | 34.9 ± 5.0 | 39.4 ± 7.2∗∗# | 36.4 ± 7.2 | 36.1 ± 7.0 | 0.009 | 0.16 |
| HRmax (bpm) | 183 ± 10 | 181 ± 9 | 181 ± 17 | 179 ± 17 | 183 ± 8 | 181 ± 6 | 180 ± 8 | 177 ± 6 | 0.875 | 0.02 |
| Exhaustion Time (min) | 10.9 ± 0.8 | 11.7 ± 0.9∗∗# | 10.7 ± 1.3 | 11.4 ± 1.0∗∗# | 10.7 ± 1.1 | 11.4 ± 1.2∗∗# | 10.3 ± 1.4 | 10.0 ± 1.3 | 0.001 | 0.17 |
| Maximal speed (mph) | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 4.6 ± 0.4∗∗# | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.5 ± 0.4∗∗# | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 4.5 ± 0.4∗∗# | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 0.001 | 0.15 |
| Maximal inclination (%) | 16.2 ± 0.6 | 16.9 ± 1.0∗∗# | 16.2 ± 1.1 | 16.8 ± 1.0∗∗# | 16.5 ± 1.0 | 16.8 ± 1.0∗# | 16.0 ± 1.1 | 16.0 ± 1.1 | 0.001 | 0.14 |
| Weight (kg) | 77.3 ± 7.4 | 76.5 ± 7.6∗# | 78.3 ± 8.6 | 77.0 ± 8.2∗# | 77.7 ± 11.2 | 76.5 ± 11.7∗# | 80.9 ± 7.2 | 81.7 ± 7.4 | 0.025 | 0.07 |
| BMI (kg·m−2) | 26.1 ± 2.2 | 25.8 ± 2.2∗# | 26.3 ± 2.4 | 25.9 ± 2.3∗# | 26.7 ± 2.6 | 26.3 ± 2.7∗# | 26.7 ± 1.6 | 26.9 ± 1.7 | 0.025 | 0.07 |
| Fat (%) | 24.0 ± 3.1 | 23.0 ± 3.4∗∗# | 23.9 ± 3.4 | 22.5 ± 2.9∗∗# | 23.9 ± 3.3 | 22.3 ± 3.7∗∗# | 22.7 ± 2.3 | 22.9 ± 2.6 | 0.001 | 0.09 |
| Waist Circumference (cm) | 87.5 ± 6.4 | 85.8 ± 6.2∗∗# | 87.0 ± 5.9 | 85.3 ± 6.0∗∗# | 86.8 ± 5.0 | 84.6 ± 5.1∗∗# | 91.4 ± 6.3 | 91.4 ± 6.2 | 0.046 | 0.07 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 123.2 ± 9.6 | 123.1 ± 11.6 | 126.1 ± 13.3 | 121.4 ± 10.1 | 115.3 ± 10.0 | 115.0 ± 10.7 | 127.8 ± 7.0 | 119.9 ± 8.0 | 0.074 | 0.03 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 79.3 ± 9.6 | 77.6 ± 8.4 | 80.1 ± 6.2 | 76.8 ± 6.8 | 72.1 ± 6.5 | 71.4 ± 5.8 | 80.9 ± 5.3 | 80.1 ± 7.2 | 0.837 | 0.02 |
| Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 6.02 ± 0.54 | 5.43 ± 0.53∗ | 5.99 ± 0.62 | 5.73 ± 0.66 | 5.78 ± 0.58 | 5.53 ± 0.79 | 5.60 ± 0.95 | 5.38 ± 0.59 | 0.512 | 0.02 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.40 ± 0.36 | 1.33 ± 0.45 | 1.31 ± 0.42 | 1.26 ± 0.35 | 1.07 ± 0.15 | 1.10 ± 0.28 | 1.31 ± 0.45 | 1.16 ± 0.33 | 0.450 | 0.03 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.50 ± 0.71 | 1.40 ± 0.61 | 1.85 ± 0.76 | 1.70 ± 0.54 | 1.77 ± 0.57 | 1.55 ± 0.60 | 1.40 ± 0.55 | 1.53 ± 0.89 | 0.304 | 0.02 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.93 ± 0.42 | 3.46 ± 0.68∗ | 3.84 ± 0.36 | 3.69 ± 0.63 | 3.89 ± 0.56 | 3.72 ± 0.63 | 3.47 ± 0.85 | 3.51 ± 0.69 | 0.410 | 0.03 |
| Fasting Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.53 ± 0.46 | 5.65 ± 0.28 | 5.62 ± 0.56 | 5.55 ± 0.35 | 5.32 ± 0.25 | 5.45 ± 0.24 | 5.48 ± 0.62 | 5.39 ± 0.41 | 0.267 | 0.03 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 59.4 ± 29.6 | 56.4 ± 20.2 | 54.2 ± 27.0 | 43.0 ± 8.3∗ | 58.7 ± 30.1 | 60.8 ± 35.7 | 65.7 ± 29.5 | 63.7 ± 23.1 | 0.107 | 0.06 |
| Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | 1.14 ± 0.56 | 1.09 ± 0.38 | 1.23 ± 0.50 | 0.83 ± 0.16∗ | 1.11 ± 0.55 | 1.16 ± 0.67 | 1.25 ± 0.56 | 1.21 ± 0.43 | 0.096 | 0.05 |
| Energy Intake (kcal) | 1913 ± 131 | 1946 ± 123 | 1878 ± 121 | 1901 ± 143 | 1891 ± 135 | 1924 ± 143 | 1913 ± 128 | 1936 ± 130 | 0.454 | 0.02 |
| Carbohydrates (g) | 253 ± 56 | 241 ± 52 | 242 ± 51 | 237 ± 54 | 234 ± 56 | 244 ± 54 | 248 ± 52 | 241 ± 57 | 0.346 | 0.02 |
| Protein (g) | 94 ± 20 | 101 ± 25 | 90 ± 20 | 95 ± 27 | 96 ± 22 | 93 ± 22 | 93 ± 24 | 101 ± 21 | 0.746 | 0.02 |
| Fat (g) | 56 ± 18 | 59 ± 16 | 61 ± 18 | 64 ± 13 | 63 ± 15 | 64 ± 12 | 56 ± 12 | 59 ± 19 | 0.356 | 0.03 |
Note: BMI, body mass index, BP, blood pressure, HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis assessment model for insulin resistance; HRmax, maximal heart rate; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VO2max, maximal oxygen uptake.
∗pre vs post (p < 0.05). ∗∗ pre vs post (p < 0.01). # indicates significant group difference compared to CON upon pairwise comparison (p < 0.05).