Table 3.
Regression Analysis with Frailty at Wave 4 Used as the Dependent Variable, and Social Isolation, Frailty, and Covariate/Confounds (Wave 2) Used as Predictor Variables.
| B | β | t | p | Lower Bound CI (95%) | Higher Bound CI (95%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Step 1 | ||||||
| Age | .02 | .12 | 8.67 | .000 | .011 | .018 |
| Gender | .04 | .02 | 1.60 | .111 | −.008 | .082 |
| Frailty (Wave 2) | .78 | .69 | 44.39 | .000 | .750 | .819 |
| Educational qualification | −.01 | −.03 | −1.93 | .054 | −.021 | .000 |
| Smoking | .03 | .02 | 1.13 | .260 | −.019 | .071 |
| Depressive symptoms | .01 | .02 | 1.27 | .205 | −.007 | .034 |
| Psychiatric symptoms | −.09 | −.02 | −1.25 | .210 | −.234 | .051 |
| Wealth | −.01 | −.03 | −1.86 | .063 | .000 | .000 |
| Loneliness | .02 | .04 | 2.45 | .014 | .004 | .033 |
| Step 2 | ||||||
| SI from a nuclear family | .02 | .01 | .85 | .395 | −.021 | .054 |
| SI from other immediate family | −.05 | −.02 | −1.40 | .161 | −.107 | .018 |
| SI from a wider social network | .06 | .04 | 2.53 | .012 | .014 | .107 |
Abbreviations: SI = social isolation; B = unstandardised beta; β = standardised betas; t = t test value; p = probability; CI = confidence interval.
Note. Frailty at Wave 4 is used as a dependent variable, and gender, age, frailty at Wave 2, education level, whether smoker during lifetime, depressive symptoms, psychiatric symptoms in the last two years, wealth, and loneliness (Step 1), and social isolation (Step 2) are used as predictor variables (Sample 2, n = 2192).