Table 2. Diet and Physical Activity–Based Lifestyle Interventions and Associations With Total Adverse Maternal and Total Adverse Neonatal Outcomesa.
| Intervention | Maternal outcome, OR (95% CI) | I2, % | Neonatal outcome, OR (95% CI) | I2, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 0.89 (0.84-0.94) | 27.9 | 0.94 (0.86-1.04) | 17.1 |
| Diet | 0.75 (0.61-0.92) | 47.2 | 0.44 (0.26-0.72) | 48.4 |
| Physical activity | 0.78 (0.71-0.86) | 13.1 | 0.87 (0.67-1.12) | 0 |
| Diet with physical activity | 0.81 (0.69-0.95) | 39.2 | 0.92 (0.74-1.13) | 3.6 |
| Mixed | 1.02 (0.97-1.08) | 0 | 1.04 (0.95-1.13) | 0 |
Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio.
a
Total adverse maternal outcomes included gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, any cesarean section, or preterm delivery. Total adverse neonatal outcomes included large for gestational age or small for gestational age neonates, newborn admission to neonatal intensive care unit, or fetal death.