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. 2021 Nov 10:jiab561. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiab561

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© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

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Figure 3. — Two-dose oral or intranasal vaccination generates high titer antibodies that are neutralizing. (A) S-specific immunoglobulin G in the serum at day 0, 28, and 54 postvaccination and 5 days postchallenge was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and graphed over time. All vaccinated groups generated antibodies. (B) The ability for the antibodies in serum taken at week 8 to neutralize virus was measured in a surrogate viral neutralizing assay (SVNT). Antibodies in the oral and intranasal groups were able to block the binding of ACE-2 to S1 in the competitive ELISA SVNT. One-way analysis of variance statistical analysis was performed among the groups with all groups compared with the no vaccine group.