Table 2.
Univariate analysis among patients with elevated BLL (n = 187)
| Variable | Odd ratio (95% CI) | P value | Variable | Odd ratio (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epidemiological Characteristics (yes vs. no) | Symptoms (Yes vs. no) | ||||
| Gender (male vs. female) | 1.61 (0.77–3.35) | 0.20 | Constipation | 1.23 (0.54–2.83) | 0.62 |
| Age (lower than 5 years old) | 3.19 (1.50–6.78) | 0.002 | Withholding | 0.71 (0.07–7.03) | 0.77 |
| Weight (≥ 23.5 kg) | 0.35 (0.16–0.79) | 0.009 | Diarrhea | 1.08 (0.22–5.25) | 0.92 |
| Height (≤ 103.5 Cm) | 3.15 (1.44–6.90) | 0.003 | Nausea | 0.60 (0.23–1.55) | 0.28 |
| Accommodation details (Yes vs. no) | Vomiting | 0.60 (0.23–1.55) | 0.28 | ||
| Living in Tehran | 0.81 (0.36–1.83) | 0.62 | Dark stool | 0.88 (0.27–2.84) | 0.83 |
| Recent renovation of the living place | 1.30 (0.55–3.09) | 0.55 | Dysuria | 0.45 (0.13–1.58) | 0.20 |
| Living near to industrial zones | 0.83 (0.16–4.16) | 0.81 | No gas passing | 1.08 (0.22–5.22) | 0.93 |
| Metal pipes used in the living place | 1.17 (0.52–2.63) | 0.69 | Blowing | 1.66 (0.54–5.11) | 0.37 |
| Wall sleek oil colored | 0.47 (0.18–1.21) | 0.11 | Lack of concentration | 0.70 (0.18–2.72) | 0.60 |
| Wall opaque oil colored | 0.46 (0.10–2.10) | 0.30 | Difficult child | 0.95 (0.10–8.79) | 0.97 |
| Plastic wall pain | 1.44 (0.59–3.52) | 0.42 | Learning disability | 1.45 (0.17–12.42) | 0.73 |
| Multicolor wall paint | 1.87 (0.61–5.69) | 0.26 | Anemia | 0.70 (0.14–3.64) | 0.67 |
| Wallpaper | 0.83 (0.09–7.37) | 0.87 | Heartburn | 0.95 (0.25–3.56) | 0.94 |
| Medical history (yes vs. no) | Headache | 1.12 (0.30–4.14) | 0.86 | ||
| Meconium | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.32 | Loss of appetite | 1.73 (0.62–4.81) | 0.29 |
| Soiling | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.62 | Muscle weakness | 0.45 (0.13–1.58) | 0.20 |
| Conduction of endoscopy (yes vs. no) | 0.43 (0.18–1.06) | 0.06 | Pain in extremities | 0.37 (0.09–1.65) | 0.18 |
| History of intestinal surgery (yes vs. no) | 0.95 (0.10–8.79) | 0.97 | Paresthesia | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.62 |
| History of abdominal imaging (yes vs. no) | 0.91 (0.34–2.42) | 0.84 | Hearing or visionary impairments | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.39 |
| History of abdominal sonography (yes vs. no) | 1.02 (0.44–2.36) | 0.97 | Muscle pain | 0.22 (0.04–1.15) | 0.05 |
| Personal habits (yes vs. no) | Bone pain | 0.95 (0.19–4.68) | 0.95 | ||
| Soil playing | 0.94 (0.39–2.26) | 0.89 | Acute onset of abdominal pain | 0.95 (0.92–0.99) | 0.18 |
| Special diet | 0.76 (0.23–2.48) | 0.65 | Chronic abdominal pain | 0.89 (0.42–1.88) | 0.77 |
| Frequent use of spices or medicinal plants | 1.46 (0.17–12.51) | 0.73 | Recurrent abdominal pain | 1.35 (0.64–2.85) | 0.42 |
| Pika | 0.224 (0.043–1.62) | 0.053 | Family issues (Yes vs. no) | ||
| Mothers’ employment status | 0.95 (0.26–3.53) | 0.94 | |||
| Ice eating | 0.38 (0.09–1.67) | 0.18 | Mothers’ educational status (school diploma and above) | 1.97 (0.92–4.23) | 0.07 |
| Paint wall eating | Mothers’ educational status (school diploma and above) | 1.97 (0.92–4.23) | 0.07 | ||
| Toy paint eating | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.62 | |||
| Playing with toys made of plastic | 0.51 (0.24–1.09) | 0.07 | |||
| Fathers’ educational status (14-year schooling and above) | 1.57 (0.70–3.53) | 0.27 | |||
| Playing with toys made of metals | 1.33 (0.41–4.34) | 0.64 | Fathers’ educational status (14-year schooling and above) | 1.57 (0.70–3.53) | 0.27 |
| Playing with toys made of cotton | 1.22 (0.37–3.96) | 0.74 | |||
| Playing with toys made of plastic and cotton | 2.80 (1.07–7.29) | 0.03 | Positive history for parents’ addiction habit (yes vs. no) | 2.57 (0.71–9.31) | 0.14 |
| Playing with toys made of plastic and metal | 1.43 (0.37–5.60) | 0.60 | |||
| Playing with toys made of plastic | 0.51 (0.24–1.09) | 0.07 |