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. 2022 Jan 1;12(1):324–339. doi: 10.7150/thno.63735

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Activated macrophage-derived EV_m induces tubular epithelial cell apoptosis in a TRAIL-DR5-dependent manner. (A) Effect of primary TEC-derived EV_e on TRAIL mRNA levels in BMDMs analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. (B) Effect of mTEC-derived EVs on TRAIL mRNA levels in BMDMs analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. (C) The levels of CXCL12, TNF-α, IL-1β, TRAIL and calnexin in macrophage-derived EV_m of DN mice analyzed by western blot. (D) Representative transmission electron photomicrographs immunogold-labeled with an anti-TRAIL antibody of macrophage-derived, TRAIL-enriched EV_m of DN mice. Scale bar: 100 nm. (E) The expression of TRAIL in BMDM-derived EV_m treated with primary TEC-derived EV_e from DN mice was detected by western blot. (F) The expression of TRAIL in BMDM-derived EV_m treated with mTEC-derived EV_e from DN mice was detected by western blot. (G) Effect of rhLRG1 (10 ng/mL) on TRAIL mRNA levels in BMDMs analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. (H) Effect of rhLRG1 (10 ng/mL) on TRAIL protein levels in BMDMs analyzed by western blot. (I) Flow cytometry analysis of HK-2 in each group. Similar results were obtained in 3 independent experiments or in triplicate culture assays.