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. 2022 Jan 1;12(1):87–104. doi: 10.7150/thno.64096

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Potential clinical applications of exosomal circRNAs in the TME. Diagnostic and therapeutic potential of exosomal circRNAs in the TME. (A) Diagnosis and prognosis. These exosomal circRNAs can be measured from liquid biopsy samples and are novel noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. (B) Targeting strategies. Knockdown or overexpression technologies can be used to target circRNAs in the cytoplasm and nucleus. (C) Therapeutics. Exosomal circRNAs can be delivered via nanoparticles or antibody/receptor conjugates in vivo. Abbreviation: RNAi, RNA interference; ASO, antisense oligonucleotides; RISC, RNA-induced silencing complex; RNase H, Ribonuclease H.