1. Summary of additional clinical outcomes reported in included studies.
| Study | Clinical measures (generic) | Clinical measures (disease specific) |
| Dietary advice versus no advice ‐ group 1 | ||
| Alo 2014 | Haemoglobin concentration | |
| Baldwin 2011 | ||
| Campbell 2008 | Estimated glomerular filtration rate, albumin, C‐reactive protein | |
| Cano‐Torres 2017 | Serum biochemistry (U&Es, FBC, glucose, creatinine, lipids) | |
| Casals 2015 | Serum biochemistry (protein, albumin, cholesterol, lymphocytes) | |
| Dixon 1984 | ||
| Fernandez‐Barres 2017 | Nutritional biochemistry (albumin, haemoglobin, haematrocrit, cholesterol) | |
| Forster 2012 | Symptoms & illness (diary), infections, GP visits, hospital visits, prescribed medication, temperature, nutritional biochemistry | |
| Gu 2015 | Complications score | |
| Imes 1988 | Crohn's Disease Activity Index Need for medication Need for surgery Number of work days lost due to Crohn's |
|
| Kunvik 2018 | ||
| Locher 2013 | ||
| Macia 1991 | Clinical observation of symptoms Days of suspended treatment |
|
| Manguso 2005 | Disease severity (Childs Score) | |
| Ollenschlager 1992 | No. days with temperature > 38.5 C | Number of complete remissions Clinical symptoms LAS |
| Pivi 2011 | Biochemical status (total protein, albumin, total lymphocyte count) | |
| Ravasco 2005a (C/R) | Symptom‐induced morbidity | |
| Ravasco 2005b (H&N) | Symptom‐induced morbidity | |
| Rydwik 2008 | ||
| Salva 2011 | Caregiver burden (Zarit), Use of healthcare and social resources (Resource Utilisation in Dementia (RUD) scale) | Clinical Dementia Rating scale Neuropschiatric Inventory scale |
| Stow 2015 | Adverse events, healthcare resource usage | |
| Tu 2013 | ||
| Weekes 2009 | Need for medication | |
| Wong 2004 | ||
| Dietary advice versus supplements ‐ group 2 | ||
| Akpele 2004 | rate of change of serum albumin | |
| Baldwin 2011 | ||
| Gray‐Donald 1995 | Number of falls | |
| Hernandez 2014 | biochemical status % of patients malnourished (defined as serum albumin < 3.5 g/dL) |
|
| Kalnins 2005 | Faecal balance studies | |
| Parsons 2016 | ||
| Pivi 2011 | Biochemical status (total protein, albumin, total lymphocyte count) | |
| Ravasco 2005a (C/R) | Symptom‐induced morbidity | |
| Ravasco 2005b (H&N) | Symptom‐induced morbidity | |
| Schwenk 1999 | ||
| Singh 2008 | Creatinine/height index, nitrogen balance | Abdominal pain score (not validated) Faecal fat Endocrine and exocrine function |
| Stow 2015 | Adverse events, healthcare resource usage | |
| Dietary advice versus dietary advice and supplements ‐ group 3 | ||
| Arnold 1989 | Serum albumin, serum transferrin | Tumour response Treatment interruptions Radiation side effects |
| Baldwin 2011 | ||
| Beattie 2000 | Need for medication Number of wound and chest infections |
|
| Burden 2011 | Number of participants with infections, need for antibiotics, self‐reported adverse events, compliance | |
| Burden 2017 | Number of participants with surgical infections, total complications | |
| de Luis 2003 | Serum albumin, prealbumin and transferrin | Viral load, CD4 |
| de Sousa 2012 | Albumin, total protein, total cholesterol, vit B12, folic acid | MMSE, clock drawing test |
| Diouf 2016 | Haemoglobin, zinc, % anaemic | |
| Dixon 1984 | ||
| Fuenzalida 1990 | Biochemical status (full range of tests), Creatinine Height Index, urinary creatinine and urea nitrogen. | Skin antigen testing Lymphocyte count |
| Gonzalez‐Espinoza 2005 | Biochemical status (full range of tests) | Number of episodes of peritonitis |
| Huynh 2015 | SGA, prealbumin, albumin, hemoglobin, total protein, CRP | |
| Kapoor 2017 | Sum of skinfolds, PG‐SGA, food frequency questionnaire, adherence to dietary supplements | |
| Kendell 1982 | Biochemical status (full range of tests), albumin, transferrin, total lymphocyte count, urinary nitrogen, Creatinine Height Index | |
| Le Cornu 2000 | LOS in ICU, hours on ventilatory support, septic complications, major noninfectious complications, rejections, changes in immunosuppression | |
| McCarthy 1999 | ||
| Murphy 1992 | ||
| Norman 2008b | Comorbidity count, number of drugs at discharge, albumin, CRP, haemoglobin, white blood cell count, platelets, costs |
|
| Olejko 1984 | Comorbidity count | |
| Rabeneck 1998 | ||
| Sharma 2002a | Renal‐related outcomes (protein catabolic rate, protein nitrogen appearance, albumin, potassium, phosphate) | Karnofsky Index, Self‐reported adverse effects |
| Swaminathan 2010 | Haemoglobin, albumin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, | CD 4 cell count |
| Wilson 2001 | Albumin number of days spent in hospital |
Time to nutritional repletion |
| Dietary advice plus supplements if required versus no advice ‐ group 4 | ||
| Andersson 2017 | Appetite (DRAQ), self perceived state of health | |
| Banks 2016 | Serum albumin, protein, C‐reactive protein, urea, glucose, HbA1C, TIBC, serum iron, serum transferrin, haemoglobin, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, zinc, magnesium, ascorbate, creatinine | PU change, from baseline, in score (PUSH) and area (VISITRAC), length of stay to heal or discharge, early discharge, PU healed, PU worsened, discharged not healed |
| Beck 2012 | Risk of re‐admissions, need of social services (home care, home nursing, meals‐on‐wheels). | |
| Beck 2015 | The economic analysis of time spent by the dietitian, use of oral nutritional supplements (ONS) and number of hospitalisation days | |
| Bonilla‐Palomas 2016 | A composite of all‐cause death or readmission for worsening of HF. | |
| Bourdel‐Marchasson 2014 | Hospitalisation for reasons other than chemotherapy, MMS, depression (GDS) | Chemotherapy toxicity |
| Caccialanza 2015 | MAMC | |
| Carey 2013 | SGA | GI symptoms |
| Endevelt 2011 | Biochemical measurements, health care costs | cognition (MMSE), depression (GDS‐sf) |
| Evans 1987 | Tumour response to chemotherapy | |
| Feldblum 2011 | Albumin, total lymphocyte count, haemoglobin, transferrin, total cholesterol, mortality | Depression (GDS), cognition (MMSE) |
| Forli 2001 | Respiratory function | |
| Ganzoni 1994 | Respiratory function | |
| Hampson 2003 | Bone mineral density | |
| Holyday 2012 | 1 month and 6 months emergency frequency | |
| Isenring 2004 | Change in PG‐SGA score | |
| Jensen 1997 | Appetite, fatigue, work capacity | |
| Kiss 2016 | Fatigue, PG‐SGA score | |
| Lovik 1996 | Serum chemistry (albumin, transferrin) | |
| Moloney 1983 | Micronutrient intake | |
| Ovesen 1993 | Tumour response to chemotherapy | |
| Pedersen 2016a and Pedersen 2016b | ||
| Persson 2002 | ||
| Rogers 1992 | Sickness impact profile | |
| Schilp 2013 | Healthcare costs | |
| Sharma 2017 | PG‐SGA | complications |
| Silvers 2014 | PG‐SGA | |
| Starke 2011 | Number of antibiotic therapies, vit D, vit C, glutathione, compliance to ONS | complications |
| Suominen 2015 | ||
| Terp 2018 | Self rated health | |
| Uster 2013 | Appetite (DRAQ), self‐perceived state of health (VAS; scores 0‐100). |
|
| Vivanti 2015 | LOS, number of falls | depression |
| Dietary advice plus supplements versus no advice and no supplements ‐ group 5 | ||
| Anbar 2014 | Cumulative energy balance | New pressure sores; complications |
| Baldwin 2011 | ||
| Berneis 2000 | Lean body mass, fat mass | CD4 and CD8 countsbiochemical measurements and inflammatory markers (TNF R55, TNF R75, ILR2), |
| Calegari 2011 | Lean body mass and fat mass, biochemical measurements. Tolerance of ONS | |
| Chandra 1985 | Serum prealbumin levels and number achieving seroconversion | |
| Jahnavi 2010 | Sputum conversion and treatment completion rates | |
| Neelemaat 2011 | Adherence; fat free mass | |
| Paton 2004 | Lean body mass and fat mass | |
| Payette 2002 | ||
| Persson 2007 | Peak expiratory flow | |
| Um 2014 | Nutritional status (PG‐SGA) | |
| Wyers 2013 | Post‐operative complications | |
CD4: (cluster differentiation 4) cells of T‐mediated immune system C/R: colorectal FBC: GDS: H&N: head and neck HbA1C: ILR2: interlukin R2 LAS: lymphadenopathy syndrome LOS: MMS: MMSE: ONS: PG‐SGA: PU: SGA: TIBC: TNF R55: Tumour necrosis factor R55 TNF R75: Tumour necrosis factor R75 U&Es: