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. 2021 Dec 21;2021(12):CD002008. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002008.pub5

Comparison 1. Dietary advice compared with no advice.

Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size
1.1 Mortality 16   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.1.1 Up to 3 months 7 574 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.87 [0.26, 2.96]
1.1.2 4 to 6 months 10 1028 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.88 [0.61, 1.27]
1.1.3 12 months and over 5 1445 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.07 [0.59, 1.91]
1.2 Number of people admitted or readmitted to hospital 4   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.2.1 4 to 6 months 3 259 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.33 [0.55, 3.18]
1.2.2 12 months and over 2 230 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.64 [0.36, 1.13]
1.3 Length of hospital stay (days) 4   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.3.1 Up to 3 months 1 148 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.10 [‐1.35, ‐0.85]
1.3.2 4 to 6 months 3 212 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.93 [‐3.42, 7.28]
1.3.3 12 months and over 1 57 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐3.00 [‐11.58, 5.58]
1.4 Complications 2 288 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.10 [‐0.34, 0.13]
1.4.1 Up to 3 months 1 148 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.00 [‐0.32, 0.32]
1.4.2 4 to 6 months 1 140 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.21 [‐0.55, 0.12]
1.5 Change in weight (kg) 18   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.5.1 Up to 3 months 10 802 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.97 [0.06, 1.87]
1.5.2 4 to 6 months 6 573 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.61 [0.09, 3.13]
1.5.3 12 months and over 7 1216 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 2.95 [0.75, 5.16]
1.6 Change in BMI (kg/m²) 12   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.6.1 Up to 3 months 2 181 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.34 [‐0.24, 0.92]
1.6.2 4 to 6 months 7 596 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.26 [‐0.08, 0.60]
1.6.3 12 months and over 5 1148 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 2.17 [0.25, 4.09]
1.7 Change in fat‐free mass (kg) 3   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.7.1 Up to 3 months 2 98 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.29 [‐0.11, 0.69]
1.7.2 4 to 6 months 1 40 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.62 [‐0.02, 1.26]
1.7.3 12 months and over 1 35 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.83 [0.14, 1.53]
1.8 Change in mid‐arm circumference (cm) 7   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.8.1 Up to 3 months 2 176 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.23 [‐0.61, 1.07]
1.8.2 4 to 6 months 3 120 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.14 [‐0.37, 0.65]
1.8.3 12 months and over 4 126 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.65 [‐0.20, 1.50]
1.9 Change in mid‐arm muscle circumference (cm) 6   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.9.1 Up to 3 months 2 119 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.05 [0.71, 1.39]
1.9.2 4 to 6 months 2 66 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.56 [0.07, 1.04]
1.9.3 12 months and over 4 128 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 2.04 [‐0.07, 4.15]
1.10 Change in triceps skinfold thickness (mm) 7   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.10.1 Up to 3 months 3 254 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.95 [‐1.83, ‐0.08]
1.10.2 4 to 6 months 2 67 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.89 [‐0.25, 2.04]
1.10.3 12 months and over 4 128 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.24 [‐0.84, 3.31]
1.11 Change in energy intake (kcal) 12   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.11.1 Up to 3 months 9 536 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 242.63 [‐40.31, 525.56]
1.11.2 4 to 6 months 4 356 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 97.17 [20.22, 174.12]
1.11.3 12 months and over 1 111 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 52.00 [‐64.88, 168.88]
1.12 Final energy intake (kcal) 3   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.12.1 Up to 3 months 2 276 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐45.91 [‐390.74, 298.92]
1.12.2 4 to 6 months 1 124 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐20.00 [‐320.10, 280.10]
1.12.3 12 months and over 1 50 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 194.00 [34.33, 353.67]
1.13 Change in protein intake (g) 8   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.13.1 Up to 3 months 5 354 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 12.50 [2.80, 22.19]
1.13.2 4 to 6 months 4 356 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 3.02 [2.60, 3.43]
1.13.3 12 months and over 1 111 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 4.00 [‐0.51, 8.51]
1.14 Final protein intake (g) 5   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.14.1 Up to 3 months 4 416 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 8.29 [1.24, 15.34]
1.14.2 4 to 6 months 1 124 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 5.00 [‐7.32, 17.32]
1.14.3 6 to 12 months 1 50 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 11.80 [10.73, 12.87]
1.15 Change in grip strength (kg force) 2   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.15.1 Up to 3 months 1 24 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.98 [‐3.38, 1.42]
1.15.2 4 to 6 months 2 57 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.86 [‐3.32, 1.59]
1.15.3 12 months and over 1 37 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.30 [‐1.32, 1.92]
1.16 Change in global QoL 7   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.16.1 Up to 3 months 5 421 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 3.30 [1.47, 5.13]
1.16.2 Up to 3 months (FAACT) 1 124 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.03 [‐0.32, 0.38]
1.16.3 4 to 6 months 3 208 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.52 [‐0.00, 1.04]
1.16.4 4 to 6 months (FAACT) 1 70 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.05 [‐0.52, 0.42]
1.16.5 12 months and over 2 97 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 5.71 [‐3.70, 15.12]
1.17 QoL ‐ change in physical function 7   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.17.1 Up to 3 months 5 429 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 3.38 [1.54, 5.23]
1.17.2 4 to 6 months 2 146 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.44 [‐0.47, 1.35]
1.17.3 4 to 6 months (SGRQ) 1 41 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.38 [‐0.24, 1.01]
1.17.4 12 months and over (SF‐36) 1 35 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.65 [‐0.03, 1.33]
1.17.5 12 months and over (SGRQ) 1 34 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.04 [‐0.64, 0.71]
1.18 QoL ‐ change in mental function 7   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.18.1 Up to 3 months 5 421 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 2.99 [1.30, 4.67]
1.18.2 4 to 6 months 2 146 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.49 [‐0.61, 1.59]
1.18.3 12 months and over 1 34 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.64 [‐0.05, 1.34]
1.19 QoL ‐ change in social function 6   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.19.1 Up to 3 months 5 419 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 3.52 [1.71, 5.32]
1.19.2 4 to 6 months (SF‐36) 1 40 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.10 [‐0.52, 0.72]
1.19.3 4 to 6 months (SGRQ) 1 41 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.11 [‐0.50, 0.73]
1.19.4 12 months and over (SF‐36) 1 34 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.36 [‐0.32, 1.04]
1.19.5 12 months and over (SGRQ) 1 34 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.17 [0.44, 1.91]
1.20 QoL ‐ change in cognitive function 4   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.20.1 Up to 3 months 4 284 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 3.43 [0.79, 6.07]
1.21 QoL ‐ change in pain 5   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.21.1 Up to 3 months 4 376 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐5.48 [‐8.13, ‐2.84]
1.21.2 4 to 6 months 1 40 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.30 [‐0.32, 0.93]
1.21.3 12 months and over 1 34 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.22 [‐0.46, 0.90]
1.22 QoL ‐ change in energy/fatigue 5   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
1.22.1 Up to 3 months 4 375 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐5.95 [‐8.65, ‐3.25]
1.22.2 4 to 6 months 1 40 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.06 [‐0.56, 0.69]
1.22.3 12 months and over 1 35 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.34 [‐0.33, 1.01]