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. 2021 Dec 21;2021(12):CD002008. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002008.pub5

Comparison 4. Dietary advice plus supplements if required compared with no advice.

Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size
4.1 Mortality 26   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
4.1.1 Up to 3 months 15 1261 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.82 [0.58, 1.16]
4.1.2 4 to 6 months 10 1140 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.03 [0.69, 1.55]
4.1.3 7 to 12 months 6 851 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.87 [0.63, 1.19]
4.1.4 12 months and over 5 900 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.93 [0.81, 1.08]
4.2 Number of people admitted or readmitted to hospital 10   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
4.2.1 Up to 3 months 7 673 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.83 [0.59, 1.15]
4.2.2 4 to 6 months 5 456 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.79 [0.58, 1.09]
4.2.3 7 to 12 months 2 456 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.52 [0.18, 1.55]
4.3 Length of hospital stay (days) 3   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
4.3.1 Up to 3 months 3 400 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.12 [‐2.48, 2.25]
4.4 Complications 3 616 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.68 [0.40, 1.18]
4.4.1 Up to 3 months 2 280 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.56 [0.22, 1.46]
4.4.2 7 to 12 months 1 336 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.88 [0.35, 2.22]
4.5 Change in weight (kg) 24   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
4.5.1 Up to 3 months 17 1192 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.25 [0.73, 1.76]
4.5.2 4 to 6 months 10 976 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.58 [‐0.30, 1.45]
4.5.3 7 to 12 months 2 107 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.94 [‐0.35, 2.23]
4.5.4 12 months and over 2 77 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 2.17 [‐1.20, 5.54]
4.6 Change in BMI (kg/m²) 3   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
4.6.1 Up to 3 months 2 130 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.72 [0.06, 1.37]
4.6.2 4 to 6 months 1 27 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.80 [‐1.12, 2.72]
4.6.3 7 to 12 months 1 78 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.10 [‐0.61, 0.41]
4.7 Final BMI (kg/m²) 2   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
4.7.1 Up to 3 months 2 169 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.19 [0.18, 2.20]
4.8 Change in fat free mass (kg) 4   Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
4.8.1 Up to 3 months 4 262 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.82 [0.35, 1.29]
4.8.2 4 to 6 months 2 184 Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.15 [‐0.52, 0.82]
4.9 Change in mid‐arm circumference (cm) 2 130 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.19 [‐0.47, 0.85]
4.9.1 Up to 3 months 1 103 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.13 [‐0.68, 0.94]
4.9.2 4 to 6 months 1 27 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.30 [‐0.84, 1.44]
4.10 Change in mid‐arm muscle circumference (cm) 2 247 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.18 [‐0.54, 0.90]
4.10.1 Up to 3 months 1 103 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.14 [‐0.71, 0.43]
4.10.2 7 to 12 months 1 144 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.60 [‐0.17, 1.37]
4.11 Change in triceps skinfold thickness (mm) 3 235 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.67 [‐0.34, 1.69]
4.11.1 Up to 3 months 1 103 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.89 [‐1.15, 2.93]
4.11.2 4 to 6 months 2 132 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.60 [‐0.57, 1.77]
4.12 Change in energy intake (kcal) 8   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
4.12.1 Up to 3 months 8 645 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 147.01 [21.55, 272.47]
4.12.2 4 to 6 months 3 290 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 50.31 [‐154.15, 254.76]
4.13 Final energy intake (kcal) 3   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
4.13.1 Up to 3 months 3 327 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 215.17 [‐55.09, 485.43]
4.13.2 4 to 6 months 2 195 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐8.62 [‐154.63, 137.39]
4.14 Change in protein intake (g) 8   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
4.14.1 Up to 3 months 7 610 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 7.76 [0.47, 15.05]
4.14.2 4 to 6 months 3 290 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 3.10 [‐7.41, 13.61]
4.14.3 7 to 12 months 1 78 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 5.60 [‐3.00, 14.20]
4.15 Change in grip strength (kg force) 9   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
4.15.1 Up to 3 months 9 801 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.18 [‐0.36, 0.72]
4.15.2 4 to 6 months 3 214 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.28 [‐1.02, 1.59]
4.16 Change in global QoL 9   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
4.16.1 Up to 3 months 7 389 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.15 [‐0.18, 0.48]
4.16.2 4 to 6 months 2 153 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.04 [‐0.28, 0.36]
4.16.3 7 to 12 months 1 78 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.60 [0.14, 1.05]
4.17 Final global QoL 9 797 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.36 [‐0.06, 0.77]
4.17.1 Up to 3 months 8 526 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.25 [‐0.36, 0.86]
4.17.2 4 to 6 months 4 271 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.43 [0.04, 0.81]
4.18 QoL ‐ change in physical function 7   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
4.18.1 Up to 3 months 6 458 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.02 [‐0.22, 0.25]
4.18.2 4 to 6 months 2 147 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.08 [‐0.40, 0.25]
4.18.3 7 to 12 months 1 144 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.02 [‐0.31, 0.35]
4.19 QoL ‐ change in mental function 6   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
4.19.1 Up to 3 months 5 435 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.29 [0.10, 0.48]
4.19.2 4 to 6 months 1 123 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.42 [0.07, 0.78]
4.19.3 7 to 12 months 1 144 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.46 [0.13, 0.79]
4.20 QoL ‐ change in social function 2   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
4.20.1 Up to 3 months 2 156 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.02 [‐0.35, 0.40]
4.21 QoL ‐ change in cognitive function 2   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
4.21.1 Up to 3 months 2 156 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.35 [‐0.23, 0.92]
4.22 QoL ‐ change in pain 2   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
4.22.1 Up to 3 months 2 156 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.48 [‐1.03, 0.07]
4.23 QoL ‐ change in energy/fatigue 2   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
4.23.1 Up to 3 months 2 155 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.58 [‐1.61, 0.46]