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. 2021 Dec 21;2021(12):CD002008. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002008.pub5

Comparison 5. Dietary advice plus supplements compared with no advice and no supplements.

Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size
5.1 Mortality 9   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
5.1.1 Up to 3 months 7 797 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.91 [0.55, 1.52]
5.1.2 4 to 6 months 4 650 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.85 [0.62, 1.17]
5.1.3 7 to 12 months 3 461 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.99 [0.76, 1.29]
5.1.4 12 months and over 3 542 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.07 [0.96, 1.20]
5.2 Length of hospital stay (days) 3 405 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.75 [‐3.58, 0.08]
5.2.1 Up to 3 months 2 258 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.81 [‐3.65, 0.04]
5.2.2 4 to 6 months 1 147 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.10 [‐12.46, 14.66]
5.3 Complications 1   Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
5.3.1 Up to 3 months 1 50 Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.42 [0.20, 0.89]
5.4 Change in weight (kg) 11   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
5.4.1 Up to 3 months 8 620 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.08 [‐0.17, 2.33]
5.4.2 4 to 6 months 5 450 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.88 [0.90, 2.87]
5.4.3 7 to 12 months 2 110 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 2.60 [1.42, 3.78]
5.5 Change in fat free mass 4   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
5.5.1 Up to 3 months 3 130 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.26 [‐0.09, 0.62]
5.5.2 4 to 6 months 1 26 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.21 [‐0.57, 0.99]
5.5.3 7 to 12 months 1 71 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.29 [‐0.18, 0.75]
5.6 Change in BMI (kg/m²) 1   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
5.6.1 Up to 3 months 1 137 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.66 [0.19, 1.13]
5.6.2 4 to 6 months 1 131 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.44 [‐0.09, 0.98]
5.7 Final BMI (kg/m²) 4   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
5.7.1 Up to 3 months 3 254 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.64 [‐0.76, 2.04]
5.7.2 4 to 6 months 2 242 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.71 [‐0.45, 1.87]
5.8 Change in energy intake (kcal) 7   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
5.8.1 Up to 3 months 5 347 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 319.78 [152.83, 486.73]
5.8.2 4 to 6 months 3 244 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 239.83 [38.74, 440.92]
5.8.3 7 to 12 months 1 63 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 464.00 [270.07, 657.93]
5.9 Final energy intake (kcal) 3   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
5.9.1 Up to 3 months 3 152 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 399.11 [123.00, 675.22]
5.10 Change in protein intake 2   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
5.10.1 Up to 3 months 2 285 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 7.14 [‐0.46, 14.74]
5.10.2 4 to 6 months 1 135 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.92 [‐8.93, 10.76]
5.11 Final protein intake (g/day) 4 223 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 17.67 [11.80, 23.55]
5.11.1 Up to 3 months 3 152 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 18.15 [9.37, 26.93]
5.11.2 Up to 12 months 1 71 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 17.00 [7.18, 26.82]
5.12 Change in handgrip strength (kg) 5   Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
5.12.1 Up to 3 months 3 244 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.99 [‐0.42, 2.40]
5.12.2 4 to 6 months 3 200 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.72 [‐0.88, 2.31]
5.13 Change in global QoL 4   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
5.13.1 Up to 3 months 4 357 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.32 [‐0.33, 0.96]
5.13.2 Up to 3 months (FAACT) 1 117 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.01 [‐0.35, 0.38]
5.13.3 4 to 6 months 3 208 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.04 [‐0.24, 0.31]
5.13.4 4 to 6 months (FAACT) 1 64 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.30 [‐0.80, 0.19]
5.14 QoL ‐ change in physical function 4   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
5.14.1 Up to 3 months 3 242 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.37 [‐0.11, 0.84]
5.14.2 4 to 6 months 2 90 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.63 [0.18, 1.09]
5.15 QoL ‐ change in mental function 4   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
5.15.1 Up to 3 months 3 239 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.39 [‐0.16, 0.93]
5.15.2 4 to 6 months 2 90 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.04 [‐0.38, 0.45]
5.16 QoL ‐ change in social function 3   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
5.16.1 Up to 3 months 3 235 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.47 [0.02, 0.91]
5.16.2 4 to 6 months 1 36 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.40 [‐0.26, 1.06]
5.17 QoL ‐ change in cognitive function 2   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) Subtotals only
5.17.1 Up to 3 months 2 141 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.21 [‐0.13, 0.54]
5.17.2 4 to 6 months 1 36 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) 0.29 [‐0.37, 0.95]
5.18 QoL ‐ change in pain 3   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
5.18.1 Up to 3 months 3 238 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.46 [‐0.24, 1.16]
5.18.2 4 to 6 months 1 36 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.28 [‐0.37, 0.94]
5.19 QoL ‐ change in energy/fatigue 3   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
5.19.1 Up to 3 months 3 239 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.14 [‐0.16, 0.43]
5.19.2 4 to 6 months 1 36 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.01 [‐0.66, 0.64]