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. 2021 Sep 22;32(6):1391–1399. doi: 10.1093/beheco/arab105

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© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Number of adult offspring produced by females in patchy oviposition environments and standard vials. Females were given one day to lay on resource patches, before being given a further 7 days to oviposit remaining eggs in a standard vial. (a) Number of offspring produced by females previously housed in solitude. Means (black dot) and 95% confidence intervals are shown for the two oviposition substrate distributions. Lines connect offspring number from the same female. (b) Number of offspring produced by females previously housed in groups. Means (black dot) and 95% confidence intervals are shown for the two oviposition substrate distributions. Lines connect offspring number from the same female. (c) The mean and 95% confidence intervals for the two patchiness treatments (blue: solitary females; red: group-housed females). (d) The per-female difference in the number of offspring produced in the patchy environments compared to standard experiment vials. Positive values indicate that more offspring were produced in the standard vials.