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. 2021 Dec 7;9:785138. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.785138

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Copyright © 2021 Mierke.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Non-equilibrium phenomena can be described by the stochastic lattice model, such as cell spreading on elastic or viscoelastic tumor microenvironments with low stiffness. The polymerization of actin at the cell front edge is tethered to the underlying substrate by molecular clutches that impede the retrograde flow of myosin motors acting on actin filaments. The elastic substrate is modelled by multiple nodes coupled by Hookean springs, whereas the viscoelastic substrate, which exhibits stress relaxation, is modelled by Burgers model elements.