. 2021 Dec 7;9:783816. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.783816

TABLE 3.

Recent development of multifunctional coatings on titanium implants

Categories	Composition of surface coating	Associated coating strategy	Osteogenesis and antibacterial function	References
Osteogenic antibacterial polymer coatings	DMADDM/HA	Covalent immobilization by PDA	↑In vivo osteogenic differentiation and new bone formation	Zhou et al. (2020)
Osteogenic antibacterial polymer coatings	DMADDM/HA	Covalent immobilization by PDA	↓Adherence and growth of pathogens	Zhou et al. (2020)
	ALN/QPEI	Covalent immobilization by PGED brushes	↑Osteointegration and biomechanical properties	Sun et al. (2019)
	ALN/QPEI	Covalent immobilization by PGED brushes	↓Bacterial infection	Sun et al. (2019)
	NCS/AMP	MAO	↑Osseointegration	Zhang et al. (2021)
		Hydrothermal treatment	↑Antimicrobial effect
		Covalent immobilization	↑Antimicrobial effect
	TNT/ZIF-67/OGP	EPD	↑Differentiation of MSCs	Tao et al. (2021)
			↓Inflammatory response
			↑Antimicrobial effect
Roughening/porous surface loaded with antibacterial substance	Mg/Zn-MOF74	Alkali-heat treatment	Leading to alkaline microenvironment	Shen et al. (2019)
		Thermal oxidation	↑New bone formation
		Thermal oxidation	↑In vivo antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties
	TNPC	Alkali-heat treatment	↑The formation of HA	Gao et al. (2020)
	TNPC	Coordination bonds between catechol and TiO₂	↓Pathogenic bacteria and biofilm formation	Gao et al. (2020)
	AgNP/ZnNP	SLM	↑Metabolic activity of pre-osteoblasts	van Hengel et al. (2020a)
	AgNP/ZnNP	PEO	↑Antibacterial leaching activity against MRSA	van Hengel et al. (2020a)
	PDA/LL-37/POPC	MAO	↑Cytocompatibility to MSCs and osteoblasts	He et al. (2018)
	PDA/LL-37/POPC	MAO	↑Antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli	He et al. (2018)
Photoantibacterial and osteogenic coatings	Collagen/PDA/MoS₂-TiO₂	MAO	↑Proliferation, adhesion, and spreading of osteoblasts	Han et al. (2021)
		Hydrothermal treatment	↓In vivo bacterial infection and S. aureus biofilm
		Covalent immobilization	↓In vivo bacterial infection and S. aureus biofilm
	TiO2/UCN/Qr/LA	Hydrothermal in TMAOH	↑Angiogenesis and osseointegration	Zhang et al. (2022)
		Covalent immobilization	↑Antimicrobial effect
		Electrostatical	↑Antimicrobial effect
	TiO₂/GDY	Electrostatic force	↑Bone tissue regeneration	Wang et al. (2020)
	TiO₂/GDY	Electrostatic force	↑Antimicrobial effect	Wang et al. (2020)
	RP/IR780/RGDC	Covalent immobilization by PDA	↑In vivo biostability and biocompatibility	Huang et al. (2019a)
	RP/IR780/RGDC	Covalent immobilization by PDA	↑Antibiofilm property	Huang et al. (2019a)
Multifunctional coatings with single material	Flavonoid quercitrin	Wet chemistry	↑Biocompatibility, cell adhesion, and osteocalcin production	Llopis-Grimalt et al. (2020)
Multifunctional coatings with single material	Flavonoid quercitrin	Wet chemistry	↓Adhesion and viability of S. epidermidis	Llopis-Grimalt et al. (2020)
	L. casei	Culturing	↑Osteogenic differentiation	Tan et al. (2020)
	L. casei	Culturing	↑Antimicrobial effect	Tan et al. (2020)
	TiBP/AMPA	Binding by titanium-binding domain	↓Adverse host inflammatory immune response	Wisdom et al. (2020)
	TiBP/GL13K	Binding by titanium-binding domain	↓Bacterial colonization and biofilm formation	Wisdom et al. (2020)
	HBPL	Silane coupling	Creating an alkaline microenvironment	Yang et al. (2021)
			↑Osseointegration
			↑Damaging DNA of bacterial
	FP	Cycloaddition	↑Vascularization and osseointegration	Chen et al. (2021a)
	FP	Silane coupling	↑Antimicrobial effect	Chen et al. (2021a)