Figure 2.

Direct effects of canagliflozin and empagliflozin on human myocardial redox state. Ex vivo canagliflozin (3, 10, and 100 μM) treatment for 1 h reduced basal (A), NADPH-stimulated (B), and Vas2870 inhibitable ${\mathrm{O}}_2^{.-}$ (C) and increased L-NAME-(delta ${\mathrm{O}}_2^{.-}$) (D) dose-dependently in human atrial myocardium. Canagliflozin decreased the intensity of basal and Vas2870 inhibitable 2-hydroxyethidium (2-OH-ethidium) fluorescence (E–G) in human atrial biopsies stained with dihydroethidium (DHE). Empagliflozin had non-significant direct effect on either of these measures (H–K). n = 5–7 in panels A–L. Data are presented as mean ± SD. P-values are calculated by Wilcoxon signed-rank test (A–C, F–J) and paired t-test (D, K).