Table 1.

Therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.

Treatment strategy	Agents	Therapeutic target	Function mechanism
Plasma Therapy	Convalescent plasma from COVID-19 patients	Viral proteins	Transferring antibodies to neutralize the virus
Cytokine therapy	Tocilizumab, Sarilumab, Siltuximab, Sirukumab, Clazakizumab	IL-6, soluble and membrane bound IL-6R	Downregulating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, inhibition of cytokine storm
	Anakinra	IL-1R	Inhibition of inflammatory responses and cytokine storm, alleviated lung injury
	Etanercept	TNFα
	Mavrilimumab, TJ003234, Gimsilumab, Lenzilumab	GM-CSFR, GM-CSF	Reduced inflammatory responses and alleviated lung injury
	Bevacizumab	VEGF	Relieving lung injury
	IFNs prescription	IFN-β-1b, IFN-λ	Enhanced antiviral defense
Kinase inhibitor	Fedratinib, Ruxolitinib, Baricitinib	JAK	Blocking SARS-CoV-2 trafficking, alleviating inflammatory responses and cytokine storm, improved the lung injury
	Ibrutinib, Acalabrutinib, Zanubrutinib	BTK	Blocking B cell proliferation and cytokine release
	Sunitinib	RTK	Blocking membrane trafficking of SARS-CoV-2
	Erlotinib	EGFR	Blocking membrane trafficking of SARS-CoV-2
Cell-based therapy	NK cells transplantation	NK cells	Restoration of NK cells numbers and activity, enhanced antiviral defense
	MSC transplantation	MSC	Increased lymphocyte and anti-inflammatory cytokines and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines, improved the lung injury
	Tregs adoption	Treg	Anti-inflammation
Monoclonal antibody therapy	Bamlanivimab	SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein	Neutralizing the virus and preventing the virus from entering the cell to proliferate
	Etesevimab
	REGEN-COV
	Sotrovimab
	4A8
Complement inhibition	Eculizumab	C5	Reduced inflammatory responses, reduced neutrophil counts, and improved lung function and lymphocyte recovery
	AMY-101	C3
Blood purification	Cytosorb	Cytokines, DAMPs, PAMPs	Prevention of cytokine storm