Table 1.
Baseline characteristic of studies included in meta-analysis.
| Study | Country | Sample size | Age (year) | Gender (men/women) | No of GC cases | Salt questionnaire | Follow-up (year) | Adjusted factors | NOS score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| JHCS 1990 (32) | Japan | 7,990 | > 45.0 | 7,990/0 | Incidence (150) | 17 items | 17.5 | Age | 7 |
| Kneller 1991 (33) | Norway | 17,633 | >35.0 | 17,633/0 | Mortality (75) | 35 items | 20.0 | Years of birth and smoking | 7 |
| Kato 1992 (34) | Japan | 3,914 | > 45.0 | 1,851/2,063 | Incidence (45) | 10 items | 4.4 | Age, sex, and residence | 6 |
| Kato 1992 (35) | Japan | 9,753 | > 30.0 | NA | Mortality (57) | 25 items | 5.7 | Age, and sex | 6 |
| HHSP 1998 (36) | US | 11,907 | 46.4 | 5,610/6,297 | Incidence (108) | 13 items | 14.8 | Age, education, Japanese place of birth (for men added smoking and alcohol) | 8 |
| Knekt 1999 (37) | Finland | 9,985 | >15.0 | 5,274/4,711 | Incidence (68) | NA | 24.0 | Sex, age, municipality, smoking and TE | 7 |
| CPS II 2001 (38) | US | 970,045 | 56.0 | 436,654/533,391 | Mortality (1,349) | 32 items | 14.0 | Age, education, smoking, BMI, multivitamin and vitamin C use, aspirin use, race, and family history | 8 |
| Ngoan 2002 (39) | Japan | 13,250 | 52.7 | 5,917/7,333 | Mortality (116) | 254 items | 8.8 | Age, gender, smoking, processed meat, liver, cooking or salad oil, suimono and pickled fruit | 7 |
| TNCS 2003 (40) | Netherlands | 120,852 | 55.0–69.0 | 58,279/62,573 | Incidence (282) | 150 items | 6.3 | Age, gender, smoking, education, family history of stomach disorders and GC | 8 |
| Khan 2004 (41) | Japan | 3,158 | >40.0 | 1,524/1,634 | Mortality (51) | 37 items | 14.3 | Age, and smoking | 6 |
| CGCS group 2004 (42) | China | 1,630 | 42.2 | 880/750 | Incidence (18) | NA | 7.5 | Active treatment | 8 |
| JACC 2005 (43) | Japan | 110,792 | 40.0–79.0 | NA | Mortality (859) | 33 items | 12.0 | Age | 7 |
| LSS 2005 (44) | Japan | 38,576 | 34.0–98.0 | 14,885/23,691 | Incidence (1,280) | 22-items | 20.0 | Sex, sex-specific age, city, radiation dose, smoking, and education level | 7 |
| LGPT 2005 (45) | China | 29,584 | 40.0–69.0 | 13,313/16,271 | Incidence (1,452) | 9 items | 15.0 | Age, gender, or smoking | 8 |
| Kurosawa 2006 (46) | Japan | 8,035 | > 30.0 | 3,652/4,383 | Mortality (76) | 29 items | 11.0 | Age, gender | 7 |
| THS 2006 (47) | Japan | 2,467 | 57.9 | 1,023/1,444 | Incidence (93) | 70 items | 14.0 | Age, gender, H pylori infection, atrophic gastritis, history of peptic ulcer, family history of cancer, BMI, DM, TC, PA, alcohol, smoking and dietary factors (TE, TP, carbohydrate, B1-B2-C vitamin and dietary fiber) | 7 |
| SMC 2006 (48) | Sweden | 61,433 | 53.4 | 0/61,433 | Incidence (156) | 67 items | 18.0 | Age, education, BMI, TE, alcohol, fruits, and vegetables | 8 |
| EPIC 2006 (49) | Europe | 521,457 | 51.7 | 153,447/368,010 | Incidence (330) | 88–266 items | 6.5 | Sex, height, weight, education level, smoking, work and leisure PA, alcohol, TE, vegetable, citrus fruit, non-citrus fruit intake, red meat, and poultry | 8 |
| Sjodahl 2008 (50) | Norway | 73,133 | 49.0 | 35,955/37,178 | Incidence (313) | NA | 15.4 | Age, smoking, alcohol, PA and occupation | 6 |
| Kim 2010 (51) | Korea | 2,248,129 | 30.0–80.0 | 1,420,981/827,148 | Incidence (12,393) | 13 items | 7.0 | Age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol, PA, and family history of cancer | 7 |
| JPHC 2010 (52) | Japan | 77,500 | 45.0–74.0 | 35,730/41,770 | Incidence (867) | 138 items | 7.7 | Sex, age, BMI, smoking, alcohol, PA, and quintiles of energy, potassium, and calcium | 8 |
| Murata 2010 (53) | Japan | 6,830 | 50.8 | 3,074/3,756 | Mortality (87) | NA | 13.9 | Age, BMI, PA, smoking, alcohol, DM, vegetable, fruit, tea, red meat and processed meat | 8 |
| NIH-AARP 2011 (54) | US | 337,074 | 50.0–71.0 | 177,792/159,282 | Incidence (955) | 124 item | 10.0 | Age, sex, BMI, education, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol, PA, and the daily intake of fruit, vegetables, saturated fat | 8 |
| SCHS 2017 (55) | Singapore | 63,257 | 45.0–74.0 | 29,220/34,037 | Incidence (691) | 165 items | 16.9 | Age, interview year, father's dialect, gender, and education | 8 |
| Thapa 2019 (56) | US | 260 | 43.8 | 88/172 | Incidence (10) | NA | 11.0–12.0 | Age, sex, car ownership, and fruit and vegetable intake | 6 |
| KoGES and KMCC 2020 (57) | Korea | 196,384/11,322 | > 40.0 />20.0 | NA | Mortality (201)/ Incidence (90) | 103 items | 7.4/13.3 | Age, sex, survey year, BMI, smoking, and alcohol | 7 |
GC, gastric cancer; BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; TC, total cholesterol; PA, physical activity; TE, total energy; TP, total protein.