Fig. 4.

Pharmacologically enhancing the glycolytic pathway further promotes H1N1 replication. A A549 cells were infected with H1N1 at an MOI of 1, with or without PS48 (5 or 10 mmol/L) treatment at the same time. Cells were harvested at 24 h p.i., and intracellular NP level was measured by Western blotting. B, C A549 cells were infected with H1N1 at an MOI of 1, with or without PS48 (10 mmol/L) treatment at the same time. Cells were harvested at 24 h p.i., and intracellular viral RNA (M) was measured by qRT-PCR (B), β-actin expression was used as an internal control. Cell supernatants were harvested at 24 h p.i., and viral titer levels were measured by plaque forming unit assay (C). D A549 cells were infected with H1N1 at an MOI of 1, with or without PS48 (10 mmol/L) treatment at the same time. The morphological changes of A549 cells at 24 h p.i. under a phase contrast microscope were shown. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.