Table 1.
Antimicrobial activity of MEs of selected snails.
| Snails | Microorganisms | Zone of inhibition (mm) | MIC (µg/ml) | DRPs | Resistance type | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Different concentrations (µg/ml) | |||||||||
| 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | |||||
| 1 | P. aeruginosa (PA-9) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 8 ± 0.1 | 11.2 ± 0.1 | 15.5 ± 0.06 | 15.8 ± 0.06 | 15 | AX, CAZ, FEP, ATM, CRO, IPM, CIP, SXT, C, CN, TOB, K, CT12 | MDR |
| 2 | 9.5 ± 0.0 | 13.9 ± 0.1 | 18.5 ± 0.1 | 22.8 ± 0.06 | 25.5 ± 0.06 | 7 | |||
| 1 | E. coli (EC-3) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 7 ± 0.1 | 10 ± 0.1 | 15.5 ± 0.06 | 16.8 ± 0.06 | 20 | AX, CAZ, FEP, ATM, VA, TZP, AMC, IPM, CIP, SXT, C, TOB, K, CT20 | MDR |
| 2 | 10.5 ± 0.0 | 14.5 ± 0.1 | 20.5 ± 0.1 | 25.6 ± 0.06 | 30.5 ± 0.06 | 5 | |||
| 1 | K. pneumonia (KP-1) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | ND | PIP, AMC, TZP, CTX, NA, AK, VA, ATM, C, CIP, CN, CRO, CTX, IPM, K, SXT, TE20 | PDR |
| 2 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | ND | |||
| 1 | S. aureus (SA-17) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 8.5 ± 0.06 | 10 ± 0.06 | 14.9 ± 0.1 | 18.2 ± 0.1 | 15 | PIP, AMC, TZP, CTX, CFP, NA, AK, AX, C, CIP, CN, CTX, FEP, IPM, K, SXT, TE25 | PDR |
| 2 | 10 ± 0.0 | 16.5 ± 0.1 | 19 ± 0.1 | 21.8 ± 0.06 | 28 ± 0.06 | 5 | |||
| 1 | A. niger (AN-05) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 6.2 ± 0.06 | 8 ± 0.1 | 32 | AMB, ITC, CLT, MIZ, FLC, TRB25 | MDR |
| 2 | 10.8 ± 0.0 | 20.8 ± 0.0 | 34.6 ± 0.06 | 47.2 ± 0.06 | 55.2 ± 0.1 | 7 | |||
| 1 | R. stolonifer (RS) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 9.2 ± 0.0 | 12.6 ± 0.0 | 14 ± 0.1 | 25 | AMB, ITC, CLT, MIZ, FLC, NYT26 | MDR |
| 2 | 8.5 ± 0.1 | 10.8 ± 0.1 | 27.5 ± 0.1 | 40.8 ± 0.0 | 52.6 ± 0.0 | 10 | |||
| 1 | Trichoderma harzianum (TH) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 10 ± 0.0 | 14.6 ± 0.0 | 18 ± 0.1 | 25 | AMB, ITC, CLT, MIZ, FLC, MCFG, NYT26 | MDR |
| 2 | 8 ± 0.1 | 10.2 ± 0.1 | 25.5 ± 0.1 | 38.8 ± 0.0 | 49.6 ± 0.0 | 10 | |||
| 1 | C. albicans (CA-11) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 3 ± 0.0 | 8.6 ± 0.06 | 10.8 ± 0.1 | 13 ± 0.06 | 20 | AMB, ITC, CLT, MIZ, FLC, MCFG, NYT, TRB26 | PDR |
| 2 | 7.8 ± 0.0 | 15.2 ± 0.1 | 26.8 ± 0.1 | 38.6 ± 0.1 | 49.2 ± 0.06 | 12 | |||
| ANOVA | p value | < 0.001 | < 0. 001 | < 0. 001 | < 0. 001 | < 0. 001 | – | – | – |
| F | 34.15 | 64,095 | 154.4 | 73,302 | 36,211 | – | – | – | |
Values are the mean of three replicates ± SD. P value < 0.05 is considered significant.
Data obtained from our previous studies12,20,25,26.
1: H.aspersa; 2: E. desertorum; ND, Not detected; MIC, Minimum inhibitory concentration; DRPs, Drug-resistance patterns; MDR, Multi-drug resistance; PDR, Pan-drug resistance; AX, Amoxicillin; CAZ, Ceftazidime; FEP, Cefepime; ATM, Aztreonam, CRO, Ceftriaxone; IMP, Imipenem; CIP, Ciprofloxacin; SXT, Cotrimoxazole; C, Chloramphenicol; CN, Gentamicin; TOB, Tobramycin; K, Kanamycin; CT, Colistin sulfate; PIP, Piperacillin; AMC, Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; TZP, Pipracillin/tazobactam; CTX, Cefotaxime; CFP, Cefoperazone; NA, Nalidixic acid; AK, Amikacin; TE, Tetracycline; VA, Vancomycin; AMB, Amphotericin; FLC, Fluconazole; ITC, Itraconazole; CLT, Clotrimazole; MIZ, Miconazole; MCFG, Micfungin; NYT, Nystatin; TRB, Terbinafine.