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. 2021 Dec 21;11:24376. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-03105-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Adherence-independent longitudinal in-home monitoring of a heart failure patient using BedScales. (a) Heatmap showing binary in-bed and out-of-bed defined at each epoch. (b) Heatmap of daily percent time-in-bed (%TIB) from days 1–7 before surgery, and ~ 3 months after surgery. (c) Bar plot of %TIB comparing pre- post- and recovery from surgery. (d) Heatmap of respiratory rate (RR) during sleep as measured by the BedScales before and ~ 3 months after surgery. Values below minimum in color bar (10 bpm) not displayed. (e) Respiratory rate daily statistics before and after surgery. Example waveforms from days annotated (1) and (2) are shown in (j–k). (f) Comparison of pre- post- and recovery from surgery RR. (g) Heatmap of heart rate (HR) during sleep as measured by the BedScales before and ~ 3 months after surgery. Values below minimum in color bar (60 bpm) not displayed. (h) Bar plot of total body weight (TBW) measured by the BedScales over the course of the 3-month in-home monitoring. (i) Comparison of pre- post- and remote-surgery TBW. (j) Example of tachypnea (> 40 bpm) in the early post-surgical period (black circle (1) in plot e). (k) Respiratory rate (16 bpm) one month after surgery (black circle (2) in plot e). (l) Periodic respirations suggestive on the spectrum of Cheyne-Stokes breathing and corresponding BCG measured by BedScales in this heart failure patient with a presurgical ejection fraction of 15%. Bar plots are shown as mean ± standard deviation. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, Mann–Whitney test.