Table 1.
Distribution of all examined variables and association with depression, anxiety, and stress.
| Variables |
Overall N = 4,020 |
Depression | Anxiety | Stress | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative | Positive | P -value | Negative | Positive | P -value | Negative | Positive | P -value | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||||
| Age | ||||||||||
| Younger age | 3,458 (86) | 955 (27.6) | 2,503 (72.4) | <0.001 | 1,318 (38.1) | 2,140 (61.9) | 0.309 | 1,440 (41.6) | 2,018 (58.4) | <0.001 |
| Middle age | 512 (12.7) | 192 (37.5) | 320 (62.5) | 183 (35.7) | 329 (64.3) | 273 (53.3) | 239 (46.7) | |||
| Older age | 50 (1.2) | 16 (32) | 34 (68) | 15 (30) | 35 (70) | 26 (52) | 24 (48) | |||
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 2,153 (53.6) | 671 (31.2) | 1,482 (68.8) | 0.001 | 898 (41.7) | 1,255 (58.3) | <0.001 | 1,064 (49.4) | 1,089 (50.6) | <0.001 |
| Female | 1,867 (46.4) | 492 (26.4) | 1,375 (73.6) | 618 (33.1) | 1,249 (66.9) | 675 (36.2) | 1,192 (63.8) | |||
| Education | ||||||||||
| Below university | 847 (21.1) | 203 (24) | 644 (76) | <0.001 | 247 (29.2) | 600 (70.8) | <0.001 | 338 (39.9) | 509 (60.1) | 0.029 |
| University | 3,173 (78.9) | 960 (30.3) | 2,213 (69.7) | 1,269 (40) | 1,904 (60) | 1,401 (44.2) | 1,772 (55.8) | |||
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Married | 489 (12.2) | 193 (39.5) | 296 (60.5) | <0.001 | 174 (35.6) | 315 (64.4) | 0.320 | 267 (54.6) | 222 (45.4) | <0.001 |
| Unmarried | 3,531 (87.8) | 970 (27.5) | 2,561 (72.5) | 1,342 (38) | 2,189 (62) | 1,472 (41.7) | 2,059 (58.3) | |||
| Family members | ||||||||||
| Up to 4 | 2,172 (54) | 568 (26.2) | 1,604 (73.8) | <0.001 | 791 (36.4) | 1,381 (63.6) | 0.145 | 881 (40.6) | 1,291 (59.4) | 0.001 |
| 5 to 8 | 1,593 (39.6) | 505 (31.7) | 1,088 (68.3) | 630 (39.5) | 963 (60.5) | 732 (46) | 861 (54) | |||
| Above 8 | 255 (6.3) | 90 (35.3) | 165 (64.7) | 95 (37.3) | 160 (62.7) | 126 (49.4) | 129 (50.6) | |||
| Monthly income (BDT) | ||||||||||
| <20,000 | 712 (17.7) | 223 (31.3) | 489 (68.7) | 0.021 | 302 (42.4) | 410 (57.6) | <0.001 | 348 (48.9) | 364 (51.1) | <0.001 |
| 20,000 to 50,000 | 1,913 (47.6) | 514 (26.9) | 1,399 (73.1) | 641 (33.5) | 1,272 (66.5) | 774 (40.5) | 1,139 (59.5) | |||
| >50,000 | 1,395 (34.7) | 426 (30.5) | 969 (69.5) | 573 (41.1) | 822 (58.9) | 617 (44.2) | 778 (55.8) | |||
| Residence | ||||||||||
| Rural | 930 (23.1) | 282 (30.3) | 648 (69.7) | 0.286 | 354 (38.1) | 576 (61.9) | 0.817 | 435 (46.8) | 495 (53.2) | 0.014 |
| Urban | 3,090 (76.9) | 881 (28.5) | 2,209 (71.5) | 1,162 (37.6) | 1,928 (62.4) | 1,304 (42.2) | 1,786 (57.8) | |||
| Self-perceived health status | ||||||||||
| Good | 3,728 (92.7) | 1,107 (29.7) | 2,621 (70.3) | <0.001 | 1,458 (39.1) | 2,270 (60.9) | <0.001 | 1,657 (44.4) | 2,071 (55.6) | <0.001 |
| Poor | 292 (7.3) | 56 (19.2) | 236 (80.8) | 58 (19.9) | 234 (80.1) | 82 (28.1) | 210 (71.9) | |||
| COVID-19 affected people in family | ||||||||||
| Yes | 237 (5.9) | 60 (25.3) | 177 (74.7) | 0.206 | 58 (24.5) | 179 (75.5) | <0.001 | 86 (36.3) | 151 (63.7) | 0.026 |
| No | 3,783 (94.1) | 1,103 (29.2) | 2,680 (70.8) | 1,458 (38.5) | 2,325 (61.5) | 1,653 (43.7) | 2,130 (56.3) | |||
| COVID-19 affected people in area | ||||||||||
| Yes | 2,907 (72.3) | 758 (26.1) | 2,149 (73.9) | <0.001 | 1,008 (34.7) | 1,899 (65.3) | <0.001 | 1,158 (39.8) | 1,749 (60.2) | <0.001 |
| No | 1,113 (27.7) | 405 (36.4) | 708 (63.6) | 508 (45.6) | 605 (54.4) | 581 (52.2) | 532 (47.8) | |||
| Income status change due to COVID-19 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 2,683 (66.7) | 667 (24.9) | 2,016 (75.1) | <0.001 | 886 (33) | 1,797 (67) | <0.001 | 1,043 (38.9) | 1,640 (61.1) | <0.001 |
| No | 1,337 (33.3) | 496 (37.1) | 841 (62.9) | 630 (47.1) | 707 (52.9) | 696 (52.1) | 641 (47.9) | |||
| Possibility of decreasing income | ||||||||||
| Yes | 2,923 (72.7) | 706 (24.2) | 2,217 (75.8) | <0.001 | 974 (33.3) | 1,949 (66.7) | <0.001 | 1,144 (39.1) | 1,779 (60.9) | <0.001 |
| No | 1,097 (27.3) | 457 (41.7) | 640 (58.3) | 542 (49.4) | 555 (50.6) | 595 (54.2) | 502 (45.8) | |||
| Probability of losing job | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1,421 (35.3) | 267 (18.8) | 1,154 (81.2) | <0.001 | 354 (24.9) | 1,067 (75.1) | <0.001 | 505 (35.5) | 916 (64.5) | <0.001 |
| No | 2,599 (64.7) | 896 (34.5) | 1,703 (65.5) | 1,162 (44.7) | 1,437 (55.3) | 1,234 (47.5) | 1,365 (52.5) | |||
| Food scarcity due to COVID-19 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 692 (17.2) | 90 (13) | 602 (87) | <0.001 | 101 (14.6) | 591 (85.4) | <0.001 | 206 (29.8) | 486 (70.2) | <0.001 |
| No | 3,328 (82.8) | 1,073 (32.2) | 2,255 (67.8) | 1,415 (42.5) | 1,913 (57.5) | 1,533 (46.1) | 1,795 (53.9) | |||
| Probability of food scarcity in future | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1,821 (45.3) | 369 (20.3) | 1,452 (79.7) | <0.001 | 492 (27) | 1,329 (73) | <0.001 | 654 (35.9) | 1,167 (64.1) | <0.001 |
| No | 2,199 (54.7) | 794 (36.1) | 1,405 (63.9) | 1,024 (46.6) | 1,175 (53.4) | 1,085 (49.3) | 1,114 (50.7) | |||