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. 2021 Dec 8;12:789487. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.789487

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Copyright © 2021 Nguyen, Nam, Kang, Han, Kim, Dieterich and Oh.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Evaluation of locomotor activities and spatial navigation in the Y maze test. The spontaneous alternation performance (SAP) (A) of Lt.- and Rt.-UL groups decreased on POD 3 and 7 compared with the control group. The SAP values of the Lt.-UL group were significantly lower than those of the Rt.-UL group on POD 7. (D) The same arm return (SAR) (B) was significantly increased in both Lt.-UL and Rt.-UL groups on POD 3 compared with the control group. While the SAR value of the Rt.-UL group decreased to the level of the control group on POD 7, the SAR of the Lt.-UL group increased on POD 7 and 14 compared with the control group. The Lt.-UL group showed significantly increased SAR compared with the Rt.-UL group on POD 7 and 14 (E). The place recognition test (PRT) (C), an indicator of spatial reference memory, was significantly decreased in both Lt.-UL and Rt.-UL groups compared with the control group on POD 3 (F). While the PRT value of the Rt.-UL group improved to the level of the control group on POD 7, the value of the Lt.-UL group remained lower than that of the control group on POD 7. The Lt.-UL group showed significantly reduced PRT values compared with the Rt.-UL on PODs 3 and 7 (F). The values of SAP and PRT were indicated as mean ± SD, and the p-values were calculated using one-way ANOVA with post-hoc tests. The values of SAR were indicated as median (quartile range), and the p-values were calculated using the Kruskal–Wallis test and the Mann–Whitney U-test. *Significantly different between two groups; #significantly different between three groups; *, #p < 0.05; **, ##p < 0.01; ***, ###p < 0.001.