TABLE 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical variables in cognitively normal subjects and patients with dementia.
| Variables | Dementia (n = 131) (8.5%) |
Cognitively normal (n = 1411) (91.5%) |
Effect size* (95% CI) |
| Sociodemographic | |||
| Age (years) | 78.85 ± 6.53 | 73.39 ± 6.12 | 0.89 (0.70–1.07) |
| Females | 77 (9.40) | 742 (90.60) | −0.06 (−0.15 to 0.03) |
| Males | 54 (7.47) | 669 (92.53) | 0.06 (−0.03 to 0.15) |
| Education (years) | 3.76 ± 3.07 | 7.06 ± 3.81 | −0.88 (−1.06 to −0.69) |
| Smoking (yes) | 8 (6.11) | 110 (7.80) | 0.44 (−0.03 to 0.06) |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 29.37 ± 4.24 | 28.92 ± 4.38 | 0.10 (−0.08 to 0.28) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 102.96 ± 9.85 | 102.93 ± 10.54 | 0.002 (−0.18 to 0.18) |
| MMSE | 16.76 ± 5.01 | 27.10 ± 3.02 | −3.19 (−3.40 to −2.98) |
| Low physical activity (Yes) | 107 (81.68) | 1,165 (82.57) | 0.01 (−0.06 to 0.08) |
| Alcohol consumption (>20 g/die) | 14 (16.28) | 209 (19.05) | 0.03 (−0.05 to 0.11) |
| Biomarkers | |||
| FBG (mg/dl) | 108.44 ± 31.53 | 105.64 ± 29.11 | 0.09 (−0.08 to 0.27) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 176.08 ± 39.48 | 184.95 ± 36.91 | −0.24 (−0.42 to −0.06) |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 47.08 ± 12.99 | 49.35 ± 12.90 | −0.18 (−0.35 to 0.003) |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 107.50 ± 31.71 | 113.83 ± 31.07 | −0.20 (−0.38 to −0.02) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 108.72 ± 52.12 | 104.37 ± 59.74 | 0.07 (−0.10 to 0.25) |
| GGT | 41.03 ± 42.61 | 33.49 ± 35.56 | 0.21 (0.03–0.39) |
| AST | 32.55 ± 22.37 | 32.15 ± 28.39 | 0.01 (−0.16 to 0.19) |
| ALT | 25.44 ± 16.74 | 25.67 ± 20.66 | −0.01 (−0.19 to 0.17) |
| Apo-E genotype | |||
| Apo-E ε3/ε3 carriers | 100 (76.09) | 1,043 (73.99) | −0.02 (−0.15 to 0.11) |
| Apo-E ε2 carriers | 20 (15.22) | 173 (12.28) | −0.03 (−0.14 to 0.08) |
| Apo-E ε4 carriers | 11 (8.70) | 194 (13.73) | 0.05 (−0.03 to 0.13) |
| Clinical variables | |||
| Hypertension (Yes) | 89 (67.94) | 988 (70.02) | 0.02 (−0.06 to 0.10) |
| Diabetes mellitus (Yes) | 22 (16.79) | 172 (12.19) | −0.05 (−0.11 to 0.02) |
| Stroke (Yes) | 6 (7.23) | 31 (3.06) | −0.04 (−0.10 to 0.01) |
| FLI | 59.12 ± 25.43 | 53.81 ± 24.46 | 0.22 (0.04–0.39) |
| FLI-Code | |||
| <30 | 21 (16.03) | 276 (19.56) | 0.03 (−0.03 to 0.10) |
| 30–60 | 38 (29.01) | 552 (39.12) | 0.10 (0.02–0.18) |
| >60 | 72 (54.96) | 583 (41.32) | −0.14 (−0.22 to −0.05) |
The Salus in Apulia Study (n = 1,542). *Hedges’ effect size; CI, confidence interval. Data are shown as mean and standard deviation for continuous variables and as percentage (%) for proportions.
BMI, body mass index; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; GGT, γ-glutamyl transferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine amino transferase, FLI Fatty Liver Index; APO-E, Apolipoprotein E.