TABLE 1.
Summary of wearable glucose sensors in point-of-care testing.
| Biofluid | Wearable glucose sensor | Sensing method | Advantages | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood | Wearable non-enzymatic glucose sensor | Non-enzymatic electrocatalytic reaction | • High selectivity | Hekmat et al. (2021) |
| • Acceptable repeatability | ||||
| • Long-term stability | ||||
| Non-invasive continuous serum glucose device | Short near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy | • Non-invasive | Joshi et al. (2020) | |
| • Precise | ||||
| • Cost-effective | ||||
| Sweat | Flexible spliced self-powered sensor | Colorimetric measurements | • Self-powered | Zhang et al. (2018a) |
| • Facile | ||||
| • No need for other instruments | ||||
| Cloth-based electrochemical sensor | Enzymatic electrocatalytic reaction | • Prominent stability | Zheng et al. (2021) | |
| • Reproducibility | ||||
| • Selectivity | ||||
| • Continuous monitoring | ||||
| Cotton thread/paper-based microfluidic sensor | Colorimetric measurements | • Single use | Xiao et al. (2019b) | |
| • Excellent compatibility | ||||
| AI/ML-enabled 2-D-RuS2 nanomaterial–based multifunctional sensor | Impedance change measurements | • High speed and accuracy | Veeralingam et al. (2020) | |
| • Prominent reusability and stability | ||||
| • Continuous monitoring | ||||
| • Excellent calibration | ||||
| • Wide sensing range and low detection limit | ||||
| Patch-based strip-type disposable sensor | Enzymatic electrocatalytic reaction | • Effective | Lee et al. (2017) | |
| • Closed-loop | ||||
| • Streamlined structure | ||||
| Nanostructured rGO-based sensor | Enzymatic electrocatalytic reaction | • Large detection range | Xuan et al. (2018) | |
| • Fast response | ||||
| • High sensitivity and linearity | ||||
| Saliva | Microfluidic paper-based sensor | Colorimetric measurements | • No pretreatment steps | Tian et al. (2016) |
| • Easy to produce | ||||
| • Partially recyclable | ||||
| Co-MOF/CC/paper hybrid button-sensor | Non-enzymatic electrocatalytic reaction | • Easy to produce | Wei et al. (2021) | |
| • High environment tolerance | ||||
| • Good sensitivity | ||||
| Tears | Glucose sensor based on gelated colloidal crystal | Colorimetric measurements | • Superior portability and biocompatibility | Ruan et al. (2017) |
| Glucose sensor based on MoS2 nanosheet | Enzymatic electrocatalytic reaction | • Facile fabrication process | Guo et al. (2021) | |
| • Mechanical stability | ||||
| • Remarkable biocompatibility | ||||
| Smart contact lenses for both continuous glucose monitoring | Enzymatic electrocatalytic reaction | • Remarkable biocompatibility | Keum et al. (2020) | |
| ISF | Fully integrated wearable microfluidic sensor | Colorimetric measurements | • High resolution | Nightingale et al. (2019) |
| • High accuracy | ||||
| • Real-time monitoring | ||||
| Urine | Integrated with EBFC, PMS, and an LED | Enzymatic electrocatalytic reaction | Self-powered | Zhang et al. (2021a) |
Note: AI/ML: artificial intelligence/machine learning; Rgo: reduced graphene oxide; co-MOF/CC/paper: cobalt metal–organic framework modified carbon cloth; ISF: interstitial fluid; EBFC: enzymatic biofuel cell; PMS: power management system; LED: light-emitting diode.