TABLE 4.
The result of meta-analysis in sperm parameters.
| Analysis | Total/subgroups | SMD(95%CI) | I2% | Pa | No. studies (no.comparisons) |
| Sperm count | Total | −1.21 (−2.39, −1.23) | 79.4 | <0.001 | 10 (25) |
| Low dose (<100 mg/kg/d) | −1.62 (−2.92, −0.32) | 76.5 | 0.002 | 3 (5) | |
| Moderate dose (100–500 mg/kg/d) | −2.41 (−3.41, −1.40) | 85.0 | <0.001 | 8 (13) | |
| High dose (>500 mg/kg/d) | −0.95 (−1.54, −0.36) | 43.2 | 0.103 | 5 (7) | |
| Exposure ≤15 days | −3.02 (−3.93, −2.10) | 70.6 | <0.001 | 5 (10) | |
| Exposure >15 days | −1.03(−1.63, −0.44) | 72.0 | <0.001 | 5(15) | |
| Exposure period (gestation) | −3.24 (−4.54, −1.95) | 79.5 | <0.001 | 4 (7) | |
| Exposure period (postnatal) | −1.28 (−1.85, −0.70) | 73.2 | <0.001 | 6 (18) | |
| Sperm motility | Total | −1.92 (−2.62, −1.23) | 78.4 | <0.001 | 7 (19) |
| Low dose (<100 mg/kg/d) | −1.69 (−3.29, −0.08) | 78.7 | 0.003 | 2 (4) | |
| Moderate dose (100–500 mg/kg/d) | −1.96 (−2.85, −1.07) | 75.9 | <0.001 | 5 (10) | |
| High dose (>500 mg/kg/d) | −2.15 (−3.94, −0.35) | 87.1 | <0.001 | 4 (5) | |
| Exposure ≤ 5 days | −2.93 (−3.95, −1.92) | 61.5 | 0.016 | 3 (7) | |
| Exposure >15 days | −1.34 (−2.12, −0.57) | 76.8 | <0.001 | 4 (12) | |
| Exposure period (gestation) | −3.58 (−4.99, −2.16) | 74.8 | 0.001 | 3 (6) | |
| Exposure period (postnatal) | −1.24 (−1.87, −0.61) | 67.6 | <0.001 | 4 (13) | |
| Sperm abnormality | Total | 1.29 (0.63, 1.94) | 83.0 | <0.001 | 5 (16) |
| Low dose (<100 mg/kg/d) | 1.09 (0.18, 2.00) | 66.7 | 0.017 | 3 (5) | |
| Moderate dose (100–500 mg/kg/d) | 1.80 (0.42, 3.19) | 91.2 | <0.001 | 4 (8) | |
| High dose (>500 mg/kg/d) | 1.09 (0.4, 1.79) | 41.5 | 0.144 | 3 (5) | |
| Exposure ≤15 days | 3.37 (1.74, 5.01) | 83.1 | <0.001 | 3 (6) | |
| Exposure >15 days | 0.59 (0.00, 1.17) | 75.1 | <0.001 | 3 (12) | |
| Exposure period (gestation) | 2.45 (1.12, 3.78) | 91.2 | <0.001 | 3 (8) | |
| Exposure period (postnatal) | 0.64 (0.10, 1.17) | 51.3 | 0.030 | 3 (10) |
Effect sizes are expressed as the SMD with 95% CIs calculated using random-effects or fixed-effects models. Positive SMDs represent an increase in the outcome measure after exposure. Negative SMDs represent a decrease in the outcome measure after exposure.