Table 1.

Causes of tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS)

Extrinsic causes	Intrinsic causes
Poorly fitted shoes	Tendinopathy – tenosynovitis
Trauma	Perineural fibrosis
Anatomical/biomechanical alterations  - Tarsal coalition  - Varus/valgus hindfoot	Osteophytes
Postsurgical scar	Retinaculum hypertrophy
Systemic diseases or inflammatory arthropathies	Space occupying lesions or mass effect  - varicose veins  - ganglion cyst  - lipoma  - neoplasia  - neuroma
Generalized oedema of lower limbs	Arterial insufficiency (nervous ischemia)
Diabetes mellitus