. 2021 Nov 29;27:211–226. doi: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.11.025

Table 2.

Comparison of biological properties of PMO, PGO, μ-ASOs, and PG-gapmers

Biological properties	μ-ASO	PMO	PGO	PG-gapmers
Charge	negative	neutral	neutral	decreased negative
Type of studied RNA target	miRNA	mRNA	mRNA	mRNA
Thermal stability of the duplex with RNA target	slight destabilization	high stabilization	slight destabilization	not affected
Stability in biological media	>7 days^a	highly stable¹⁸	>21 days	N/D
Recruitment of RNase H	yes	no^b	no³³	yes
Cellular uptake in a carrier-free mode	low	some^c	low	high for PS/2PG ASO
Liposome-mediated cellular uptake	efficient	not efficient⁶⁸	not efficient	efficient
Cytotoxicity	not found	low⁶⁹	low	not found for PO/PG
Silencing of RNA target	2–4 times compared with untreated cells	yes	2–4 times compared with untreated cells³³	2 times compared with untreated cells

Stable for >7 days.²⁵

Do not trigger RNase H and cause steric block of translation.¹⁸

Chemical penetration (in propylene glycol and linoleic acid), ionophoretic delivery.⁶⁵