Figure 2.

Difference between machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) for classification of periapical pathologies.

(a) ML relies on the expert knowledge to perform feature extraction of the periapical lesions on the images. The most robust features are fed into ML classifier to make an accurate prediction; and (b) DL, represented by convolution neural network, can simultaneously perform feature extraction and selection for classification task throughout several hidden layers that can automatically learn relevant features of the images.