Melt processing strategies and parameters of cellulose-reinforced polyamides.

Author – year article	Matrix	Cellulose type	Processing aid/compatibilizer/surface functionalization	Processing techniques	Cellulose (wt%)
(Klason, Kubát, & Strömvall, 1984)12	PA6, PA12	Wood flour, bleached cellulose flour, bleached CF, all oven dried@105 °C/24 h	Neat	Internal mixer, extrusion (single-screw), injection moulding [PA12 max 195 °C; PA6 max 235 °C]	10.0–30.0
(Jacobson, Caulfield, Sears, Underwood, & Caufield, 2001)70	PA6, PA66	CF – oven dried at 105 °C	Processing aid: 0003–0005 wt% of carboxy methylcellulose (CMC) viscosity modifier	Extrusion (twin-screw), injection moulding [max 232 °C]	33.0
(Lu, Doyle, & Li, 2007)58	PA12	Wood flour, oven dried@103 °C/24 h	Neat	Internal mixer, compression moulding [max 200 °C]	40.0–60.0
(Xiaolin, 2008)65	PA6, PA66	CF – oven dried@120 °C/4 h	Neat binder: polyurethane aq. dispersion-Hydrosize U1-01, plasticizers: (NBBSA), caprolactam, thiurea, ceramic powder (INTEC SB 94), lithium chloride (LiCl)	Extrusion (twin-screw), injection moulding, compression moulding [max 270°]	10.0–30.0
(Chen, Gardner, 2008)135	PA6 & PA66 blend	Wood flour	Processing aid, 7 wt% (unknown)	Extrusion (single screw), (Davis standard Woodtruder) [max N/A]	43.0
(Arcaya et al., 2009)136	PA6, PA66	Natural fibers (flax), pulp, CF, all vacuum oven dried (80 °C)	Neat	Internal mixer, injection moulding [max 265 °C]	20.0–35.0
(Panaitescu, Frone, & Nicolae, 2013)57	PA11	CNF – vacuum oven dried (60 °C) [H2SO4]	Neat	Internal mixer, two-roll mill, compression moulding [max 190 °C]	1.0–8.0
(Kiziltas, Gardner, Han, & Yang, 2014)59	PA6	MCC – oven dried@105 °C/16 h	Lubricant – fatty acid esters (5 wt%)	Internal mixer, injection moulding [max 250 °C]	2.5–30.0
(Bledzki, Feldmann, 2014)137	PA1010, PA 610	Man-made CF	Neat	Pultrusion, extrusion, (single screw), injection moulding [max 245 °C]	15.0–30.0
(Panaitescu, Gabor, Frone, & Vasile, 2015)18	PA11	CNF– vacuum oven dried (60 °C) [H2SO4]	Neat	Internal mixer, two-roll mill, compression moulding [max 190 °C], Annealing@165 °C/1 h	1.0–8.0
(Zhu, Kiziltas, Lee, & Mielewski, 2015)16	PA1010, PA 610	CNF – oven dried@70 °C	Neat [masterbatch, N/A wt%]	Extrusion (single screw), injection moulding [max 235 °C]	2.0–20.0
(Peng, Gardner, & Han, 2015)56	PA6	MCC – spray dried, CNF – spray dried, CNC – spray dried + oven dried@105 °C/12 h	PA processing aid-viscosity lowering agent (3 wt%)	Internal mixer, micro-injection moulding [max 270 °C]	2.5–10.0
(Nicharat, Sapkota, Weder, & Johan Foster, 2015)41	PA12	CNC – freeze dried [H3PO4 & H2SO4]	Neat	Internal mixer, compression moulding [max 190 °C]	5.0–20.0
(Armioun et al., 2016)78	PA11	Wood fiber – oven dried@105 °C/2 h	Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (4 wt%)	Extrusion (twin-screw), injection moulding [max 210 °C]	10.0–30.0
(Yousefian & Rodrigue, 2016)64	PA6	CNC – oven dried@70 °C/24 h	Neat [masterbatch 10 wt%]	Extrusion (twin-screw), injection moulding [max 230 °C]	1.0–7.0
(Zierdt et al., 2017)138	PA11	Wood fiber	Neat	Internal mixer, extrusion (twin-screw),Injection moulding [max 220 °C]	50.0
(Fernandes et al., 2017)139	PA6	CF – bleached and non-bleached	Lubricant ethylene bis-stearamide (1 wt%)	Extrusion (twin-screw), injection moulding [max 250 °C]	20.0–40.0
(Yousefian et al., 2017)140	PA6	CNC – oven dried@70 °C/24 h	Neat foaming agent: azodicarbonamide (1–2 wt%) [masterbatch 5 wt%]	Extrusion (twin-screw), injection moulding [max 230 °C]	0.5–5.0
(Rohner et al., 2018)67	PA11	Wood CNF – freeze dried, spinex grass CNF – freeze dried	Neat	Extrusion (twin-screw), injection moulding, compression moulding [max 215 °C]	0.1–0.5
(Xu et al., 2018)141	PA6	Wood fiber, oven dried@103 °C/24 h	Lithium chloride (LiCl) (0–3%), chain extender: 2,2′-(1,4-phenylene)bis(2-oxazoline) (PBO) (0.2–1%)	Internal mixer, compression moulding [max 235 °C]	20.0–40.0
(Beg et al., 2018)142	PA6.10	MCC, oven dried	Impact modifier (IM), Exxelor VA1803 (2.0–5.0%)	Extrusion (twin-screw), injection moulding [max 240 °C]	20.0–40.0
(Oliver-Ortega et al., 2018)143	PA11	Wood fiber	Neat	Kinetic mixer (twin-screw), injection moulding [max N/A]	20.0–60.0
(Gohn et al., 2019)81	PA12	CNC	Neat	Internal mixer, compression moulding [max 200 °C]	5.0
(Venkatraman et al., 2019)144	PA11	CNC	Neat	Planetary ball milling, internal mixer, compression moulding [max 200 °C]	10.0
(Annandarajah et al., 2019)145	PA6	CF	Polypropylene maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PPgMA) [70 : 30 wt% ratio of PA6 : PP and 6 wt% PPgMA]	Extrusion (twin-screw), injection moulding [max 220 °C]	30.0
(Beg et al., 2019)146	PA6.10	MCC, oven dried	Coupling agent: Exxelor VA1803 (5.0%), coupling agent: Bondyram 7103 (BR)	Extrusion (twin-screw), injection moulding, [max 240 °C]	30.0