| (Paunikallio. 2006)62
|
PA12 |
CF (viscose) |
Surface mod. – coupling agent: silyl coupling agent, aminosilane [(3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane] then oven dried [in gas & liquid phase] |
Micro-extruder (twin-screw), micro-injection moulding [max 215 °C] |
40.0 |
| (Li et al., 2012)147
|
PA6 |
Wood flour (fir flour/SiO2 hybrid material) (FSHM) |
Aminopropyltriethyoxysilane epoxy resin |
Extrusion (twin-screw), injection moulding [max 235 °C] |
3.0–25.0 |
| (Corrêa et al., 2014)72
|
PA6 |
CNC-freeze dried |
Third component – macromolecule: coated with PA6 (via formic acid solution) [masterbatch 33 wt%] |
Extrusion (twin-screw), injection moulding [max 260°] |
1.0 |
| (Semba et al. 2014)66
|
PA12 |
CNF-dried [temp N/A] |
Surface mod. – grafting: reactive cationic quaternary ammonium salt, epoxy functionalized; 0.5% |
Extrusion (twin-screw), injection moulding [max 190 °C] |
5.0 |
| (Leszczyńska. 2015)63
|
PA410 |
MFC |
Surface mod. – acetylation: via acetic anhydride in toluene after multiple solvent exchanges – then freeze-dried |
Micro-extruder (twin-screw) [max 250°] |
1.0–5.0 |
| (Feldmann, Heim, & Zarges. 2016)71
|
PA100 |
CF – oven dried |
Third component – macromolecule: PPL (aqueous polyvinyl alcohol solution) 10.0 wt% |
Extrusion (single-screw), extrusion (twin-screw), injection moulding [max 230 °C] |
20.0–30.0 |
| (Rahimi & Otaigbe 2017)68
|
PA6 |
CNC – freeze dried after modification |
Surface mod. – grafting/coupling agent: aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) grafting on cellulose combined with in situ polymerized PA6 coating |
Internal mixer [max 280 °C] |
1.0–3.0 |
| (Benaducci et al. 2016)148
|
PA66 |
CNF |
Coated with PA6 (via formic acid solution) |
Micro extruder, micro-injection moulding [max 280 °C] |
1.0–2.0 |
| (Semba et al. 2016)77
|
PA11 |
CNF |
Surface mod. – grafting: four different reactive cationic reagents: (1) epoxy functionalized quaternary ammonium salt monomer, (2) epoxy functionalized quaternary ammonium salt polymer, (3) azetidinium ring funct. polyamide, (4) non-reactive quaternary ammonium salt [0.06–0.77 wt%] |
Extrusion (twin-screw), injection moulding [max 210 °C] |
10.0 |
| (Peng et al. 2017)149
|
PA11 |
CNC – never dried |
Surface mod. – esterfication: fatty side chain esterification to give dodecanoyl grafted CNC, surfactant: methyl laurate |
Compression moulding [initially solvent-cast] [max 190 °C] |
1–10.0 |
