Figure 5.

Mito-TEMPO rescued the suppressive effect of LIPUS on GSC stem cell properties

(A) MitoTEMPO (5 μM) inhibited mitochondrial ¹O₂ generation after LIPUS treatment. ¹O₂ generation analysis in GSCs 24 h after treatment with LIPUS and mito-TEMPO (5 μM) using the microplate reader. n = 3.

(B) ¹O₂ generation in GSCs. The results of quantified fluorescence images are normalized to Ctrl. n = 3.

(C) The GSC sphere formation ratio, showing the ability of sphere formation. n = 3.

(D) Nestin expression levels in GSC and Nestin-negative cell ratio by flow cytometry. n = 3.

(E and F) qPCR analysis of mRNA expression of stem-related transcription factors and the key nodes of Wnt signaling in GSCs after treatment with LIPUS and mito-TEMPO (5 μM). n = 3.

(G) qPCR analysis of the telomere length (T/S) in GSCs. n = 3.

(H) JC-1 fluorescence intensity of GSCs with LIPUS treatment and mito-TEMPO (5 μM) by the microplate reader. n = 3.

(I) Mitochondrial membrane potential analysis of GSCs with LIPUS treatment and mito-TEMPO (5 μM). The results of quantified fluorescence images are normalized to Ctrl. n = 3. ∗p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗p ≤ 0.01, ∗∗∗p ≤ 0.001.