Table 1.
Pharmacological regulation of autophagy/mitophagy in neurological diseases
| Disease | Drug | Target | Model | Function |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AD | UA/AC | AMPK | iPSC neurons | Inhibit mitochondrial fission, increase ATP production ↑ |
| AD | rapamycin | mTOR | PDAPP mice | Inhibits mTOR activity ↑ |
| PD | TFEB | LAMP1 | nigra neurons | Induces autophagosome and lysosome biogenesis |
| HD | PINK1 | Parkin | Drosophila | Inhibits accumulation of mitochondria ↑ |
| ALS | Atg1 | mTOR | Drosophila | Positively regulates the initiation of autophagy |
| Stroke | Melatonin | LC3, PINK1 | SAH rat | Inhibits dysfunctional mitochondria ↑ |
| Stroke | BNIP3 Silencing | LC3 | I/H mice | Inhibits excessive mitophagy |
| HIE | 3-MA | LC3II, p62 | HIBI rat | Inhibits autophagy flux |
| HIE | Glycine | p-AMPK | HI rat | Downregulates AMPK to alleviate autophagy flux ↓ |
| HIE | IPC | p-AMPK | pMCAO rat | Activates AMPK to induce autophagy |
| HIE | AG | miR-30d-5p | HI rat | Inhibits autophagya |
| HIE | AT | miR-30d-5p | HI rat | Enhance autophagy |
| Epilepsy | rapamycin | mTORC | TSC mouse | Inhibits S6 phosphorylation ↑ |
| TBI | Morin | LC3II/I, Beclin-1 | TBI rat | Augments autophagy |
| TBI | NIX | LC3II/I, p62 | TBI rat | Increases autophagy |
| TBI | 17-AAG | LC3II, Beclin-1 | TBI rat | Induces autophagy |
| TBI | Wnt3α | β-proteasomal | TBI mouse | Activates Wnt/β-catenin pathway ↑ |
AD, Alzheimer's disease; UA/AC, urolithinA/actinonin; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell; ATP, Adenosine Triphosphate; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex; PD, Parkinson’s disease; TFEB, transcription factor EB; LAMP1, lysosome-associated membrane protein1; HD, Huntington's disease; PINK1, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1; LC3, light chain 3; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; BNIP3, B-cell lymphoma 2 kilodalton interacting protein 3; I/H, ischemia/hypoxia; HIE, hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy; 3-MA, 3-methyladenine; HIBI, hypoxic–ischemic brain injury; p-AMPK, phosphorylation of AMPK; HI, hypoxia–ischemia; IPC, ischemic preconditioning; pMCAO, permanent middle cerebral artery osslusion; AG, Agomir; AT, Antagomir; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; TBI, Traumatic brain injury
aHarmful to disease; ↑ Up-regulate autophagy/mitophagy; ↓ Down-regulate autophagy/mitophagy.