TABLE 2.

Muscle parameters for the Japanese macaque hand.

	muscle name	Abb	PCSA (cm2) max.	force (N)
1	Flexor digitorum superficialis	FDS
	FDS2	FDS2	0.45	10.4
	FDS3	FDS3	0.85	19.6
	FDS4	FDS4	0.95	21.9
	FDS5	FDS5	1.23	28.3
2	Flexor digitorum profundus	FDP
	FDP1	FDP1	0.00	0.0
	FDP2	FDP2	1.81	41.6
	FDP3	FDP3	1.39	32.0
	FDP4	FDP4	1.29	29.7
	FDP5	FDP5	1.63	37.5
3	Extensor digitorum communis	EDC
	EDC2	EDC2	0.29	6.7
	EDC3	EDC3	0.08	1.8
	EDC4	EDC4	0.12	2.8
	EDC5	EDC5	0.32	7.4
4	Extensor digiti secundi & tertii proprius
	ED2P	ED2P	0.23	5.3
	ED3P	ED3P	0.08	1.8
5	Extensor digiti quarti & quinti proprius
	ED4P	ED4P	0.22	5.1
	ED5P	ED5P	0.19	4.4
6	Abductor pollicis longus	ABPL	2.67	61.4
7	Extensor pollicis longus	EPL	0.19	4.4
8	Abductor pollicis brevis	ABPB	0.71	16.3
9	Flexor pollicis brevis	FPB	0.32	7.4
10	Opponens pollicis	OP	0.34	7.8
11	Adductor pollicis	ADP
	ADP oblique	ADPo	0.17	3.9
	ADP transverse	ADPt	0.43	9.9
12	Abductor digiti minimi	ABDM	1.17	26.9
13	Flexor digiti minimi brevis	FDMB	0.33	7.6
14	Opponens digiti minimi	ODM	0.63	14.5
15	Dorsal interosseous 1 radial head	1DIOr	0.52	12.0
	Dorsal interosseous 1 ulnar head	1DIOu	0.52	12.0
16	Dorsal interosseous 2 radial head	2DIOr	0.40	9.1
	Dorsal interosseous 2 ulnar head	2DIOu	0.40	9.1
17	Dorsal interosseous 3 radial head	3DIOr	0.30	6.9
	Dorsal interosseous 3 ulnar head	3DIOu	0.30	6.9
18	Dorsal interosseous 4 radial head	4DIOr	0.23	5.3
	Dorsal interosseous 4 ulnar head	4DIOu	0.23	5.3
19	Palmar interosseous 1	1PIO	0.56	12.9
20	Palmar interosseous 2	2PIO	0.18	4.1
21	Palmar interosseous 3	3PIO	0.24	5.5
22	Contrahens digiti quarti	CD4	0.21	4.8
23	Contrahens digiti quinti	CD5	0.22	5.1
	Contrahens digiti scundi	CD2	0.00	0.0

Abb, abbreviation; PCSA, physiological cross-sectional area of muscle.