Table 3.

Targeted Metabolomics Results – Group Comparisons and Biomarker Analysis

	Diabetic Group		Control Group
Metabolite	Median (ng/mL)	Range (ng/mL)	Median (ng/mL)	Range (ng/mL)	p-value±	AUC
Valine	36672	16448-87972	20746	12648-34134	<0.0001*	0.90
2-hydroxyisobutyric acid	13347	2953-54254	3856	1756-23773	<0.0001*	0.90
GABA	3441	1424-9801	1891	1089-3579	<0.0001*	0.88
N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid	50	50-74	66	50-125	0.0005*	0.88
Indoxyl sulfate	1813	165-7975	6585	145-16000	<0.0001*	0.85
Kynurenine	448	160-1196	786	427-1625	<0.0001*	0.80
Anthranilic acid	10	4-39	20	7-56	0.0008*	0.80
Citramalate	72	50-1877	50	50-116	0.005*	0.80
L-Glutamine	95185	65313-141746	114128	81839-187058	0.0031*	0.80
Glucosamine/mannosamine	28771	7879-71427	17489	6901-48921	0.012	0.76
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid	15	5-98	34	5-191	<0.0001*	0.75
Tyrosine	12730	5614-18737	16096	8369-30475	0.0032*	0.72
Isoleucine	14296	5943-63445	8590	4603-13830	0.0008*	0.71
L-proline	22402	9551-55733	32011	14221-52155	0.11	0.68
Leucine	33934	12285-89882	22438	10383-42380	0.0021*	0.68
2,6-diaminoheptanedioate	28	15-135	43	16-199	0.066	0.50
5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde	7	5-16	6	5-14	0.45	0.62
Glycine	138	52-291	169	75-325	0.58	0.52
Histidine	556	326-1223	505	378-707	0.36	0.64
Kynurenic acid	671	500-5047	918	500-2812	0.16	0.57
Pyridoxal	51	50-393	73	53-151	0.74	0.61
Serotonin	1215	208-2222	1145	423-2058	0.62	0.5
Tryptophan	33636	14811-57219	35376	20522-92416	0.0035*	0.62

^*p-value <0.0051 considered significant

AUC=area under the receiver operating characteristics curve

^±p-values were estimated from the regression model using log10 of the metabolites as the outcome