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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2021 Sep 20;158:106877. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106877

Table 4.

Summary of Redox Data from Cr (VI) Neurotoxicity Animal Studies

Species
(Exposure Route)		 Dose, Duration Lipid Peroxidation Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Enzymatic Antioxidant Activity Other Oxidative Stress or Damage Measure Reference
SOD CAT GPx/GR
Mouse
(oral)		 1.9, 19, 95 mg/kg,
12, 24, 48, 72, 96 h		 1MDA:
1.9 = unaffected;
19 = 1.6x incr after 72h;
95 = 3.2x incr after 48h		 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Bagchi et al., 2002
Mouse
(d.w.)		 25 mg/kg,
3 d		 TBARS incr 29% α-tocopherol decr 32% Vit E and C unaffected Incr 65% Incr 74% GPx unaffected Travacio et al., 2000
Mouse
(oral)		 25 mg/kg,
6 wk		 MDA incr 1.92x GSH decr 58% N/A N/A GR decr 55% Protein carbonyl incr 2x Abu Zeid, 2018
Rat
(d.w.)		 100 ppm
(11.6 mg Cr/kg/d),
30 d		 MDA incr:
HT = 30%
AP = 65%		 N/A Incr 2x in AP Unaffected GR incr 2x in HT;
GPx unaffected		 N/A Nudler et al., 2009
Rat
(d.w.)		 700 ppm,
21 d		 MDA incr:
CTX = 1.2x
CB = 94%		 GSH decr:
CTX = 52%
CB = 15%		 NPSH decr:
CTX = 37%
CB = 46%		 Vit C decr:
CTX = 56%
CB = 53%		 N/A N/A N/A Soudani et al., 2012
Rat
(oral)		 0.5 or 2 mg/kg,
24 h, 7 d, 14 d		 MDA incr:
24 h = unaffected
7 d (2 mg/kg) = 4x
14 d = 6.7x, 9.3x		 GSH decr:
24 h = 40%, 70%
7 d = 53%, 76%
14 d = 88%, 95%		 SOD:
24 h = Unaffected, 1.8x incr
7 d = unaffected, 33% decr
14 d = 50%, 75% decr		 N/A N/A N/A Fatima et al., 2017
Rat
(i.p.)		 2 mg/kg,
30 d		 MDA incr 2.5x (CTX) GSH decr 30% Decr 50% N/A GPx decr 40% NO incr 1.8x (CTX) Mahmoud and El-Twab, 2017
Rat
(oral)		 10 mg/kg,
2 wk		 MDA incr 1.9x GSH unaffected Nonsig decr 23% Nonsig decr 42% N/A N/A Sarica et al., 2019
Rat
(i.p.)		 15 mg/kg,
24 h		 Plasma MDA incr 88% N/A Unaffected Unaffected Both unaffected; GPx non-significant 33% decr N/A García-Niño et al., 2015
Rat
(i.n.)		 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg,
24 h		 MDA incr:
0.5 = 1.21x
1.0 = 1.61x
2.0 = 2.21x		 GSH decr:
1 = 88%
2 = 75%		 N/A Decr:
1.0 = 72%
2.0 = 30%		 N/A N/A Salama et al., 2016
Rat
(i.p.)		 15 mg/kg,
24 h		 MDA +67% GSH decr 42% Non-protein thiols decr 36% Unaffected Decr 33% GR decr 25% Iztleuov et al., 2018
Zebrafish (water) 2 mg/L,
1, 7, 15, 30, 60d		 MDA incr 1.77x on day 15 GSH incr 1.33x on day 60 N/A 15d = 1.58x
30d = 2.58x
60d = 2.35x		 N/A N/A Shaw et al., 2020
Rat
(i.n.)		 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 mg/kg/d, 2 weeks MDA incr:
0.125 = 1.23x
0.250 = 1.77x
0.500 = 2.65x		 GSH decr:
0.125 = 18%
0.250 = 40%
0.500 = 42%		 N/A N/A N/A N/A Hegazy et al., 2021
0.125, 0.25, 0.5 mg/kg/d, 1 month MDA incr:
0.125 = 4.34x
0.250 = 7.70x
0.500 = 7.98x		 MDA incr:
0.125 = 45%
0.250 = 52%
0.500 = 52%		 N/A N/A N/A N/A
0.125, 0.25, 0.5 mg/kg/d, 2 months MDA incr:
0.125 = 7.31x
0.250 = 8.00x
0.500 = 8.21x		 MDA incr:
0.125 = 54%
0.250 = 55%
0.500 = 59%		 N/A N/A N/A N/A

Nota Bene: Data was adjusted to percent of control based on reported mean values.

N/A = not assessed; CTX = cortex/cerebrum; CB = cerebellum; HT = hypothalamus; AP = anterior pituitary; i.p. = intra peritoneal; d.w. = drinking water

1

Data reflect largest observed effect