Table 3.
Participant Characteristics at Baseline and Posttreatment (N = 48)a
| Baseline |
Posttreatment |
Mean |
t | p | Effect size d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SE) or N (%) | M (SE) or N (%) | difference (SE) | ||||
| Demographics and history | ||||||
| Age | 43.58 (1.50) | • | • | • | • | • |
| Gender (female) | 41 (85.4) | • | • | • | • | • |
| ACES | 2.22 (.36) | • | • | • | • | • |
| Education level | ||||||
| High school | 14 (29.2) | • | • | • | • | • |
| Some college | 14 (29.2) | • | • | • | • | • |
| Associate’s degree | 8 (17.0) | • | • | • | • | • |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 11 (22.9) | • | • | • | • | • |
| Psychosocial factors | ||||||
| BDI-II—Depressive symptoms | 12.32 (1.61) | 6.52 (1.23) | −5.81 (1.51) | 3.85 | .000 ** | 0.56 |
| EES—Emotional eating | 26.45 (3.91) | 17.81 (2.54) | −8.63 (3.91) | 2.21 | .027 * | 0.32 |
| PHMS—Mindfulness | 66.53 (1.57) | 66.82 (1.48) | .29 (1.42) | 0.21 | .835 | 0.03 |
| PFS—Food susceptibility | 53.6 (3.51) | 41.02 (2.50) | −12.58 (3.25) | 3.88 | .000 ** | 0.56 |
| Biomarkers and obesity indicators | ||||||
| Fasting glucose | 104.07 (25.70) | • | • | • | • | • |
| Blood pressure | ||||||
| SBP (mm Hg) | 116.19 (1.87) | 116.0 (2.28) | −0.19 (1.59) | 0.12 | .903 | 0.01 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 77.44 (1.34) | 75.02 (1.51) | −2.42 (1.27) | 1.91 | .057 | 0.28 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 73.99 (1.51) | 68.61 (1.61) | −5.38 (1.57) | 3.43 | .001 ** | 0.49 |
| Weight (kg) | 101.96 (2.09) | 94.24 (2.28) | −5.14 (.90) | 5.70 | .000 ** | 0.82 |
| Body fat percentage (BF%) | 44.36 (.92) | 43.11 (.93) | −1.24 (.76) | 1.63 | .104 | 0.24 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.88 (.01) | 0.86 (.01) | −.02 (.01) | 2.33 | .020 * | 0.29 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 107.65 (1.50) | 93.76 (4.00) | −13.89 (4.36) | 3.19 | .002 ** | 0.46 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 36.83 (.63) | 34.86 (.74) | −1.98 (.53) | 3.73 | .000 ** | 0.54 |
| Cognitive factors (NIHTB-CB) | ||||||
| Vocabulary | 54.23 (1.33) | 56.06 (1.65) | 1.83 (1.22) | 1.50 | .134 | 0.23 |
| Reading | 52.10 (1.31) | 53.87 (1.20) | 1.78 (1.03) | 1.72 | .086 | 0.25 |
| Processing speed | 55.26 (1.91) | 59.02 (2.11) | 3.76 (1.86) | 2.02 | .045 * | 0.29 |
| Episodic memory | 56.83 (1.49) | 57.82 (1.73) | .99 (1.83) | 0.54 | .589 | 0.08 |
| Working memory | 53.13 (1.29) | 52.45 (1.57) | −.68 (1.49) | 0.45 | .651 | 0.06 |
| Cognitive flexibility | 51.24 (1.59) | 53.62 (1.67) | 2.37 (1.85) | 1.28 | .200 | 0.18 |
| Inhibitory control/attention | 42.31 (1.03) | 45.80 (1.11) | 3.49 (1.03) | 3.39 | .001 ** | 0.49 |
| Self-regulation factors | ||||||
| Brief Self-Control Scale | 36.37 (.80) | 24.92 (1.04) | −11.45 (1.37) | 8.34 | .000 ** | 1.21 |
| Handgrip strength (seconds) | 19.61 (2.89) | 20.80 (2.69) | 1.18 (2.98) | 0.40 | .691 | 0.06 |
| Unsolvable puzzle (seconds) | 727.59 (366.76) | • | • | • | • | • |
Note. M = mean; SE = standard error; ACES = Adverse Childhood Experience Survey; BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory-II; EES = Emotional Eating Scale; PHMS = Philadelphia Mindfulness Survey; PFS = Power of Food Scale; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; BMI = body mass index; NIHTB-CB = NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery.
a
Presented values were generated using multiple imputation, which utilizes all observed values in the data set to produce multiply imputed estimates for all 48 participants at baseline and posttreatment.
*
p ≤ .01.
**
p ≤ .05.