Table 2. Multilevel models for preparedness and awareness scores of participating healthcare workers.
| Variable | Complete-case analysis | Imputed data analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MD | (95% CI) | P-value | MD | (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Preparedness | ||||||
| Region | ||||||
| East Asia & Pacific | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Europe & Central Asia | -1.25 | (-2.74, 0.24) | 0.099 | -1.13 | (-2.59, 0.33) | 0.128 |
| Latin America & Caribbean | -2.96 | (-4.75, -1.17) | 0.001 * | -2.96 | (-4.73, -1.20) | 0.001 * |
| Middle East & North Africa | -3.20 | (-4.58, -1.81) | <0.001 * | -3.27 | (-4.64, -1.91) | <0.001* |
| North America | -2.24 | (-5.51, 1.03) | 0.180 | -3.15 | (-5.61, -0.69) | 0.012 * |
| South Asia | -2.36 | (-4.11, -0.61) | 0.008 * | -2.54 | (-4.26, -0.82) | 0.004 * |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | -4.32 | (-6.01, -2.62) | <0.001 * | -4.54 | (-6.21, -2.87) | <0.001* |
| Income level | ||||||
| High income | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Upper middle income | -0.18 | (-1.53, 1.17) | 0.794 | -0.11 | (-1.44, 1.22) | 0.874 |
| Lower middle income | -0.87 | (-2.41, 0.66) | 0.264 | -0.78 | (-2.29, 0.73) | 0.310 |
| Low income | -1.08 | (-3.14, 0.97) | 0.301 | -1.05 | (-3.08, 0.97) | 0.308 |
| Level of hospital | ||||||
| 1st level | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 2nd level | -0.29 | (-0.97, 0.39) | 0.406 | -0.12 | (-0.75, 0.52) | 0.721 |
| 3rd level | 0.08 | (-0.58, 0.74) | 0.805 | 0.29 | (-0.30, 0.87) | 0.339 |
| Type of hospital | ||||||
| Designated to treat COVID-19 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Not designated but able to treat COVID-19 | -0.00 | (-0.52, 0.51) | 0.993 | -0.14 | (-0.57, 0.29) | 0.530 |
| Not designated & unable to treat COVID-19 | -0.72 | (-1.33, -0.11) | 0.020 * | -0.37 | (-0.81, 0.07) | 0.098 |
| Age (every 10-year increase) | 0.40 | (0.28, 0.53) | <0.001 * | 0.41 | (0.30, 0.52) | <0.001* |
| Gender | ||||||
| Women | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Men | 0.35 | (0.23, 0.47) | <0.001 * | 0.28 | (0.17, 0.38) | <0.001* |
| Other | -0.64 | (-1.71, 0.43) | 0.239 | -0.60 | (-1.34, 0.14) | 0.113 |
| Profession | ||||||
| Doctor | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Nurse | 0.66 | (0.54, 0.81) | <0.001 * | 0.67 | (0.55, 0.79) | <0.001* |
| Pharmacist | -0.86 | (-1.13, -0.59) | <0.001 * | -0.77 | (-1.02, -0.53) | <0.001* |
| Others | -0.57 | (-0.75, -0.39) | <0.001 * | -0.62 | (-0.77, -0.47) | <0.001* |
| Experience (every 10-year increase) | 0.10 | (-0.03, 0.24) | 0.136 | 0.06 | (-0.06, 0.18) | 0.337 |
| Experienced any outbreak | ||||||
| Yes | Reference | Reference | ||||
| No | -0.56 | (-0.67, -0.44) | <0.001 * | -0.52 | (-0.62, -0.42) | <0.001* |
| Confirmed COVID-19 case where you are | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes, in my country | 0.34 | (0.15, 0.53) | <0.001 * | 0.27 | (0.10, 0.44) | 0.002* |
| Yes, in my city | 0.28 | (0.04, 0.53) | 0.025 * | 0.20 | (-0.01, 0.41) | 0.063 |
| Yes, in my hospital | 0.65 | (0.35, 0.95) | <0.001 * | 0.50 | (0.24, 0.75) | <0.001* |
| Awareness | ||||||
| Region | ||||||
| East Asia & Pacific | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Europe & Central Asia | 0.81 | (-0.79, 2.41) | 0.321 | 0.57 | (-0.90, 2.03) | 0.448 |
| Latin America & Caribbean | 0.08 | (-1.82, 1.98) | 0.933 | 0.19 | (-1.55, 1.94) | 0.830 |
| Middle East & North Africa | -1.37 | (-2.86, 0.12) | 0.071 | -0.91 | (-2.30, 0.48) | 0.201 |
| North America | 0.67 | (-2.84, 4.19) | 0.707 | 0.56 | (-1.92, 3.04) | 0.659 |
| South Asia | -1.31 | (-3.19, 0.57) | 0.173 | -0.97 | (-2.73, 0.79) | 0.279 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | -0.56 | (-2.38, 1.27) | 0.551 | -0.18 | (-1.89, 1.53) | 0.837 |
| Income level | ||||||
| High income | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Upper middle income | -1.71 | (-3.15, -0.26) | 0.020 * | -2.02 | (-3.34, -0.70) | 0.003* |
| Lower middle income | -1.48 | (-3.19, 0.16) | 0.078 | -1.54 | (-3.06, -0.02) | 0.047* |
| Low income | -1.21 | (-3.49, 1.00) | 0.283 | -1.73 | (-3.77, 0.31) | 0.097 |
| Level of hospital | ||||||
| 1st level | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 2nd level | -0.29 | (-1.01, 0.43) | 0.425 | 0.02 | (-0.56, 0.60) | 0.946 |
| 3rd level | 0.41 | (-0.28, 1.11) | 0.242 | 0.46 | (-0.09, 1.01) | 0.098 |
| Type of hospital | ||||||
| Designated to treat COVID-19 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Not designated but able to treat COVID-19 | 0.17 | (-0.37, 0.70) | 0.542 | 0.03 | (-0.36, 0.42) | 0.892 |
| Not designated & unable to treat COVID-19 | -0.32 | (-0.96, 0.31) | 0.319 | -0.15 | (-0.59, 0.28) | 0.486 |
| Age (every 10-year increase) | -0.16 | (-0.34, 0.01) | 0.068 | -0.02 | (-0.16, 0.12) | 0.772 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Women | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Men | -0.02 | (-0.19, 0.15) | 0.791 | -0.11 | (-0.24, 0.02) | 0.103 |
| Other | -0.68 | (-2.19, 0.83) | 0.375 | -0.96 | (-1.87, -0.04) | 0.040* |
| Profession | ||||||
| Doctor | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Nurse | -1.97 | (-2.16, -1.78) | <0.001 * | -1.76 | (-1.91, -1.61) | <0.001* |
| Pharmacist | -1.56 | (-1.94, -1.18) | <0.001 * | -1.26 | (-1.57, -0.95) | <0.001* |
| Others | -2.44 | (-2.69, -2.19) | <0.001 * | -2.08 | (-2.28, -1.89) | <0.001* |
| Experience (every 10-year increase) | 0.06 | (-0.13, 0.25) | 0.547 | 0.01 | (-0.15, 0.16) | 0.953 |
| Experienced any outbreak | ||||||
| Yes | Reference | Reference | ||||
| No | -0.49 | (-0.66, -0.33) | <0.001 * | -0.26 | (-0.39, -0.13) | <0.001* |
| Confirmed COVID-19 case where you are | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Yes, in my country | 1.53 | (1.26, 1.80) | <0.001 * | 1.30 | (1.09, 1.52) | <0.001* |
| Yes, in my city | 1.75 | (1.40, 2.09) | <0.001 * | 1.57 | (1.30, 1.83) | <0.001* |
| Yes, in my hospital | 1.79 | (1.38, 2.21) | <0.001* | 1.62 | (1.30, 1.94) | <0.001* |
MD: mean difference; CI: confidence interval
*Statistically significant