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A probe ρ sends M signal modes through the loss channel ℰτ, representing the SUT, while L idler modes directly reach the receiver—I represents the identity operator. A POVM Π is applied to the output state. Using the result of this measurement and data processing (DP), a decision y is taken: The process generating ℰτ is identified as conform (y = 0) or defective (y = 1).
