Fig. 3. Biological and intelligent applications of the e-skin prototype for sensing of pressure and temperature.

(A) Optical image of the e-skin mounted onto the wrist. (B) Real-time artery pressure measured by the e-skin. (C) Representative pulse waveform of the radial artery extracted from (B). (D) Optical image of the e-skin mounted onto the neck at the position of throat. (E) Measured pressures of four sensing pixels when having a drink of water. (F) Spatiotemporal mapping of the swallowing process. (G) Optical image of the flexible gripper with one finger integrated with the e-skin on the inside surface (H). (I) Grasping posture driven by an air pressure of 100 kPa (level 3). (J) The tactile pressure recorded by pixel 2 when grasping an empty glass driven by three levels of air pressure (50, 75, and 100 kPa). (K and L) Optical images of grasping the sponge and steel balls, respectively. (M and N) Tactile pressure recorded by pixel 2 of the e-skin and tactile pressure profiles when grasping the sponge and steel ball. (O and P) Optical images of grasping glasses with or without hot water, respectively. (Q and R) Tactile temperature at pixel 2 and tactile pressure profiles when grasping glasses with or without hot water. Photo credit: M. Cai, Zhejiang University.