. 2021 Feb 10;11(12):6735–6747. doi: 10.1039/d0ra10232f

Release behavior and biological activity of growth factors loaded on different aliphatic polyester scaffolds by various methods.

Scaffold	Loading method	Growth factor	Loading efficiency/capacity	In vitro release behavior	Biological activity assay		Application areas
Scaffold	Loading method	Growth factor	Loading efficiency/capacity	In vitro release behavior	Cell test	Animal test	Application areas
PCL/PLGA6535/PLGA 8515 multilayered fibrous scaffold³²	Directly blending	NT-3	—	Release of PLGA 6535 and PLGA 8515 reached a plateau after six weeks and eight weeks, respectively	—	Rat	Neural tissue regeneration
		BDNF
		PDGF
PLGA nanofiber scaffolds³⁴	Directly blending	bFGF	54%	7 days (Group I), 14 days (Group II)	BMSCs	—	Bone regeneration
PLLA nanofiber scaffolds³⁵	Directly blending	BMP-2	174 ng/implant	—	—	Rat	Bone regeneration
Bilayer scaffolds consisting of different PLGA nanofibers³⁶	Directly blending	VEGF	57.27% of VEGF	Release of VEGF from the PLGA 50/50 layer was faster than that of PDGF from the PLGA 75/25 layer	HUVEC	—	Complex tissue engineering
Bilayer scaffolds consisting of different PLGA nanofibers³⁶	Directly blending	PDGF	51.76 %of PDGF		HUVEC	—	Complex tissue engineering
Multi-layered PLLA nanosheets³⁷	Directly dropping onto the middle of the PLLA nanosheet	rhFGF-2	—	—	—	Mouse	Bone regeneration
PLGA porous scaffold⁸⁹	Directly soaking	bFGF	22.6%	A high initial burst and reached a standstill about 10 days	3T3 fibroblasts	Mouse	—
PLLA nanofibrous scaffold³³	Directly blending (NGF) and soaking (VEGF)	NGF	—	Release rate of VEGF is higher (35.72 ± 0.29%) within 1 day than that of NGF (4.86 ± 1.00%). Release of VEGF reach a standstill (58.56 ± 1.31%) at the fourth day, but that of NGF reach a standstill (29.52 ± 0.91%) at the eleventh day	iPSCs-NCSCs	Rat	Peripheral nerve regeneration
PLLA nanofibrous scaffold³³	Directly blending (NGF) and soaking (VEGF)	VEGF	—		iPSCs-NCSCs	Rat	Peripheral nerve regeneration
PLLA nanofibrous scaffold⁴²	Surface collagen coating combined with covalent binding	TGF-β3	—	—	hBMSCs	—	Cartilage repair
PLGA/HA porous scaffolds⁵¹	PDA-mediated method	BMP-2	80% of IGF-1, 75% of BMP-2	After a burst release, the release subsequently slowed down with approximately 27% (IGF-1) and 39% (BMP-2) of the total growth factors released after 21 d	MC3T3-E1	Rabbit	Bone tissue engineering
PLGA/HA porous scaffolds⁵¹	PDA-mediated method	IGF-1	80% of IGF-1, 75% of BMP-2		MC3T3-E1	Rabbit	Bone tissue engineering
3D-printed PLA scaffolds with interconnected microporous architectures⁵²	PDA-mediated method	BMP-2	375.4 ng/scaffold	Sustained released of BMP-2 for up to 35 days	hMSCs	—	Bone tissue engineering
Tubular PCL scaffolds⁵³	PDA-mediated method	VEGF	56.6 ng/scaffold	—	SMC EC	Rat	Vascular tissue engineering
PLLA nanofibrous scaffold⁵⁸	Nanoparticle embedding	bFGF	48.71%	No burst release and a control release of nearly 30 days	C3H10T½ (C3) cells	Rat	Promotion of tendon healing
PLGA nanofibrous scaffold⁶²	Microspheres embedding	VEGF	44.39%	Release last 20 days	HUVEC	Rat	Abdominal wall repair
PLLA nano-fibrous scaffolds^56,57	PLGA microspheres with PDGF-BB or rhBMP-7 post-seeding	PDGF-BB rhBMP-7	77–93%	Temporally controlled fashion with prolonged duration and varying temporal patterns because of different PLGA nanosphere	Human gingival fibroblast	Rat	Complex tissue regeneration
PLGA films and porous scaffolds⁴⁰	Plasma treatment combined with growth factor anchorage	bFGF	66.3%	Continuous release about 7 days after a moderate burst release	3T3 fibroblasts	—	Extensive tissue engineering
3D microtubule-orientated PLGA scaffold⁷⁸	Plasma treatment combined with growth factor anchorage	bFGF	75.0%	Continuous release for 10 days after a moderate burst release	vSMC	—	Vascular tissue engineering
PLGA/PLLA microfiber scaffolds⁸⁸	Heparin-mediated method	TGF-β1	26.8 ng/scaffold	Continuous release for 4 weeks after a moderate initial burst release	UCB-MSCs	Rabbit	Cartilage tissue engineering
H-PLGA/PLGA(70/30) porous scaffolds⁸⁹	Heparin-mediated method	bFGF	71.3%	Slowly release and last over two weeks	3T3 fibroblasts	—	Extensive tissue engineering
PLLA nanofiber microspheres⁹¹	Heparin binding combined with nanospheres encapsulating	VEGF	—	Average burst release of VEGF on the first day was 20.5%, 54.7% was released within 1 week	HUVEC	Nude mouse	Pulp regeneration
PLLA nanofiber microspheres⁹¹	Heparin binding combined with nanospheres encapsulating	VEGF	—	Release of VEGF consistently at a rate of approximately 1–2% per day for the last 3 weeks	HUVEC	Nude mouse	Pulp regeneration
PLGA porous scaffold⁹²	Heparin binding combined with nanospheres encapsulating	BMP-7	79% of TGF-β3	No burst and sustained release in a near zero-order kinetics for least 27 days	hMSCs	—	Cartilage regeneration
PLGA porous scaffold⁹²	Heparin binding combined with nanospheres encapsulating	TGF-β3	50% of BMP-7		hMSCs	—	Cartilage regeneration
PLGA scaffold with parallel arranged microgrooves and nanofiber structures⁹³	Nanoparticle binding (TGF-β1)	TGF-β1	—	Continuous release for about 10 days of TGF-β1	vSMC	—	Vascular tissue engineering
	Plasma treatment combined with anchorage (bFGF)	bFGF	—	Moderate burst release for bFGF and then about 7 days continuous release	vSMC	—	Vascular tissue engineering