REAGENT or RESOURCE	SOURCE	IDENTIFIER
Antibodies
Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, HRP	Invitrogen	Cat#31430; RRID: AB_228307
Goat anti-Monkey IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, HRP	Invitrogen	Cat#PA1-84631; RRID: AB_933605
HRP∗Polyclonal Goat Anti Mouse IgA	Immunoway	Cat#RS030211
Rabbit Polyclonal anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein (N) Antibody	Sino Biological	Cat#40143-T62; RRID: AB_2892769
Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG Secondary Antibody (HRP)	Sino Biological	Cat#SSA004
Ultra-LEAF Purified anti-mouse CD28 Antibody	Biolegend	Cat#102116; RRID: AB_11147170
CD3e Monoclonal Antibody (145-2C11), PE-Cyanine7	eBioscience	Cat#25-0031-82; RRID: AB_469572
Alexa Fluor 700 anti-mouse CD4 Antibody	Biolegend	Cat#100429; RRID: AB_493698
CD8a Monoclonal Antibody (53-6.7), FITC	eBioscience	Cat# 11-0081-86; RRID: AB_464917
APC anti-mouse IFN-γ Antibody	Biolegend	Cat#505810; RRID: AB_315404
PerCP/Cyanine5.5 anti-mouse IL-2 Antibody	Biolegend	Cat#503822; RRID: AB_2123676
PE anti-mouse IL-4 Antibody	Biolegend	Cat#504103; RRID: AB_315317
Bacterial and virus strains
E.coli BL21	Takara	Cat#9126
SARS-CoV-2 (D614G)	This paper	hCoV-19/CHN/SYSU-IHV/2020 (D614G); GISAID: EPI_ISL_444969
SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.351)	Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou	19nCoV-CDC-Tan-GDPCC (B.1.351)
Biological samples
Serum samples from BALB/c mice	This paper	N/A
Serum samples from hACE2 mice	This paper	N/A
Serum samples from rhesus macaques	This paper	N/A
Lung samples from hACE2 mice	This paper	N/A
Trachea samples from hACE2 mice	This paper	N/A
Serum samples from convalescent COVID-19 patients	Guangzhou 8th People’s Hospital and Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University	N/A
Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins
eBioscience Fixable Viability Dye eFluor 780	Invitrogen	Cat#65-0865
Isopropyl β-D-1 thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)	Takara	Cat#9030
Aluminium hydroxide gel	InvivoGen	Cat#vac-alu-250
Sigma adjuvant System (SAS)	Sigma-Aldrich	Cat#S6322
eBioscience Intracellular Fixation & Permeabilization Buffer Set	Invitrogen	Cat#88-8824
eBioscience™ Brefeldin A Solution (1000X)	Thermo Scientific	Cat#00-4506-51
eBioscience™ Monensin Solution (1000X)	Thermo Scientific	Cat#00-4505-51
ELISA Stop Solution	Solarbio	C1058
eBioscience TMB Solution	eBioscience	Cat#00-4201
Carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (CMC)	Sigma-Aldrich	21902; CAS9004-32-4
TrueBlue HRP Substrate	KPL	50-78-02
Paraformaldehyde	Sigma-Aldrich	P6148; CAS30525-89-4
Penicillin-Streptomycin, Liquid	ThermoFisher	Cat#15140122
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)	ThermoFisher	Cat#10270-106
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein Peptides Pool	GenScript	Cat#RP30020
synthetic B.1.351_RBD peptide (B.1.351_RBD 405-424 and B.1.351_RBD 495-514)	GenScript (This paper)	N/A
Recombinant Sd-Ferritin protein	This paper	N/A
Recombinant Gv-D614G_RBD	This paper	N/A
Recombinant Gv-B.1.351_RBD	This paper	N/A
Critical commercial assays
RNeasy Mini Kit	QIAGEN	Cat#74104
SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection kit (PCR-Fluorescence Probing)	Da An Gene Co.	DA0931
Pierce Rapid Gold BCA Protein Assay Kit	ThermoFisher	Cat#A53225
Luciferase Assay System	Promega	Cat#E4550
Experimental models: Cell lines
HEK293T	ATCC	CRL-3216; RRID: CVCL_0063
Vero E6	ATCC	CRL-1586; RRID:CVCL_0574
CHO-K1	ATCC	CCL-61
Experimental models: Organisms/strains
BALB/c mice	Guangdong Medical Laboratory Animal Center	N/A
Transgenic hACE2 mice (C57BL/6)	GemPharmatech Co, Ltd	N/A
Rhesus macaques	Guangdong Landau Biotechnology Co, Ltd	N/A
Oligonucleotides
SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) qPCR Forward Primer:5’- CAGTAGGGGAACTTCTCCTGCT-3’	Da An Gene Co.	DA0931
SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) qPCR Reverse Primer:5’-CTTTGCTGCTGCTTGACAGA-3’	Da An Gene Co.	DA0931
SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) Probe: 5’-FAM-CTGGCAATGGCGGTGATGCTGC-BHQ1-3’	Da An Gene Co.	DA0931
Recombinant DNA
pET28a-Sd-Ferritin	This paper	N/A
pLVX-SP-Gv-D614G_RBD	This paper	N/A
pLVX-SP-Gv-B.1.351_RBD	This paper	N/A
psPAX2	Dr. Didier Trono	Addgene Plasmid #12260
pHIV-Luciferase	Dr. Bryan Welm	Addgene Plasmid #21375
SARS-CoV-2 (D614G) Spike Gene	This paper	hCoV-19/CHN/SYSU-IHV/2020 strain; GISAID: EPI_ISL_444969
SARS-CoV-2 (D614) Spike Gene	This paper	Wuhan-Hu-1; GISAID: EPI_ISL_402125
SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.1.7) Spike Gene	This paper	B.1.1.7 (GISAID: EPI_ISL_581117)
SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.351) Spike Gene	This paper	B.1.351 (GISAID: EPI_ISL_678597)
SARS-CoV-2 (P.1) Spike Gene	This paper	P.1 (GISAID: EPI_ISL_792683)
SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.429) Spike Gene	This paper	B.1.429 (GISAID: EPI_ISL_1675148)
SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.526) Spike Gene	This paper	B.1.526 (GISAID: EPI_ISL_1098596)
SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.617.1) Spike Gene	This paper	B.1.525 (GISAID: EPI_ISL_1093465)
Software and algorithms
GraphPad Prism v8.0 software	GraphPad	https://www.graphpad.com/scientific-software/prism/
BD LSRFortessa cell analyzer	BD Biosciences	http://www.bdbiosciences.com/in/instruments/lsr/index.jsp
FlowJo v10	Tree Star	https://www.flowjo.com/
Image Studio Lite v4.0	LI-COR Biosciences	https://www.licor.com/bio/products/software/image_studio_lite/
QuantStudio 7 Flex System	ThermoFisher	https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/4485701#/4485701
GloMax 96 Microplate Luminometer Software v1.9.3	Promega	https://www.promega.com/resources/software-firmware/detection-instruments-software/promega-branded-instruments/glomax-96-microplate-luminometer/
SkanIt SW for Microplate Readers	ThermoFisher	https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/5187139?SID=srch-srp-5187139
ImmunoSpot software v5.1.34	Cellular Technology Ltd	http://www.immunospot.com/ImmunoSpot-analyzers
Other
Sepharose 6 FF	GE Healthcare	Cat#90100367
KR2i TangentialFlow Filtration system	Repligen	Cat#SYR2-U20
Capto SP ImpRes	GE Healthcare	Cat#17546815
Amicon Ultra-15 Centrifugal Filter Unit	Millipore	UFC900396
Olympus BX63	Olympus	https://www.olympus-lifescience.com.cn/zh/microscopes/upright/fluorescence/