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. 2021 Dec 9;15:774050. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.774050

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Copyright © 2021 Shevchouk, Tufvesson-Alm and Jerlhag.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic illustration of the different phases of the addiction cycle. Alcohol or drugs of abuse when consumed acutely can be modeled both in animals (preclinical) and humans (clinical models). Similarly, when exposed for longer periods of time other models can be applied. During withdrawal and relapse other behaviors are evident. Dopamine release in nucleus accumbens (DA), locomotor stimulation (LMA), reward of conditioned place preference (rCPP), memory of alcohol reward in the CPP test (mCPP), motivation (FR, and PR), Alcohol and drug intake (Intake), functional magnetic resonance (fMRI).