Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Dec 9;15:774050. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.774050

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2021 Shevchouk, Tufvesson-Alm and Jerlhag.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Schematic illustration of the different phases of the addiction cycle which ghrelin and GHSR-1A influence. Ghrelin (black symbols) and GHSR-1A receptor antagonists or reverse agonists (gray symbols) influence behaviors of the addiction cycle, related to alcohol (Alc), nicotine (Nic), amphetamine (Amph), cocaine (Coc), methamphetamine (Meth), morphine (Mor), fentanyl (Fent), heroin (Her) and Cannabinoids (Can). Dopamine release in nucleus accumbens (DA), locomotor stimulation (LMA), reward of conditioned place preference (rCPP), memory of reward in the CPP test (mCPP), motivation in fixed ratio (FR) or progressive ratio (PR) protocols, alcohol or drug intake (Intake), functional magnetic resonance (fMRI). Positive association (+), increases/enhances (↑), decreases/attenuates (↓), conflicting evidence or no effect (Ø) on drug effect.