Table 2.
PA level during the COVID-19 pandemic.
| Author (Year) (n = 25) |
Activity level assessment method | Cut-off points for PA level | Main outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maugeri et al. (2020) | IPAQ-SF. | - Low active (<600 MET–minutes/week); - Moderate active (>600 MET–minutes/week); - High active (>3000 MET–minutes/week). |
- Statistically significant difference between before and during COVID-19 pandemic (Mean: 2429 vs. 1577 MET–min/wk.; p < 0.0001) - Low active individuals increased up to 39.62% - ↓ of total weekly PA energy |
| Sasaki et al. (2021) | IPAQ-SF. | - Walking (3.3 METs) - Moderate-intensity activity (4.0 METs) - Vigorous-intensity activity (8.0 METs) |
- PA was reduced by approximately 5–10% for moderate-intensity activity, walking, and total PA. After the restrictions, there was an increase in sitting time (5% increase for men,10% increase for women). |
| Visser et al. (2020) | LAPAQ. | - <150 versus ≥150 min/week | - Negative impact on PA behaviors (48.3–54.3% of the sample); - Half of the sample reported to be always (8%) or sometimes (41.3%) less physically active than normal. |
| Song et al. (2020) | PASE. | NM | - Significant decrease in the amount of exercise (duration and frequency and number of patients who do not exercise at all increased). |
| Balci et al. (2021) | PASE. | - Higher scores indicate greater physical activity. | - PA level was reduced in healthy and PD groups. |
| Pérez et al. (2021) | BPAAT. | - Insufficiently active (score 0–3 points); - Sufficiently active (score 4–8 points). |
- A general decrease in PA level during the lockdown (BPAAT total score: −1.1/8 (95 CI% 0.6; 1.5) points; p < 0.001). |
| Browne et al. (2020) | Accelerometer. | - Sedentary behavior (≤0 99 cpm); - Light PA (100–1951 cpm); - Moderate-vigorous (≥1952 cpm). |
- Increase in sedentary behavior (p = 0.032) and decrease in steps/day (p = 0.018). |
| Meyer et al. (2020) | IPAQ-SF. | - Inactive (0 min); - Insufficiently active (1–150 min/day); - Sufficiently active (150–300 min/day); - Highly active (>300 min/day). |
- 42.6% reported sitting for more than 8 h per day; - 72.5% reported being either sufficiently or highly active. |
| Richardson et al. (2021) | IPAQ-E; LLFDI. | - High, moderate, or low PA (according to IPAQ-SV scoring protocol - http://www.ipaq.ki.se/) | - Both males and females maintained their PA levels but also increased their sedentary time. |
| Di Santo et al. (2020) | IPAQ-SF. | - 600 MET/week roughly corresponding to 150 min of moderate intensity activity; | - 46 participants declared having decreased their PA; - 69.60% reported an increase in the time spent sitting or lying down; - 5 of the 25 respondents who, before the lockdown did not reach the recommended threshold of 600 MET/week, increased their PA levels during quarantine. |
| Wang et al. (2020b) | Daily step counts collected through a smartphone linked to a social network platform (WeChat). | - Low daily step (≤1500 steps/day) - Frequent low daily steps (≥14 days of low daily step counts over a 30-day period) |
- Daily steps dropped rapidly (by 2678 steps) and substantially and was more pronounced among females. - The prevalence of frequent low daily steps increased to 7.4% (196/2655) during the COVID-19 epidemic period, after physical distancing measures were implemented. |
| Suzuki et al. (2020) | PAQ-EJ | - Light housework (2.0 METs) - Moderate or somewhat heavy housework (2.5 METs) - Labor (2.8 METs) - Transportation (2.8 METs) - Light exercise/sports (3.0 METs) - Resistance exercise/sports (3.0 METs) - Moderate or somewhat strenuous exercise/sports (4.3 METs) |
- 47.3% of the participants were less active and decreased their PA per week. - The light and moderate or strenuous exercise/sports and housework categories were the most affected. |
| Ruiz-Roso et al. (2020) | IPAQ | - Moderate-intensity activities (>3 and <6 METs); - Vigorous-intensity activities (≥6 METs). |
- Increase in sitting without doing any PA; - Decrease in average minutes per week spent walking; - Patients with DM with a BMI > 30 kg/m2 showed a significant increment in the hours they spent sitting; - Patients with DM with a BMI between 25 and 30 kg/m2 did not increase hours they spent sitting. |
| Qin et al. (2020) | IPAQ | - High, moderate, or low PA (according to IPAQ-SV scoring protocol - http://www.ipaq.ki.se/) | - 41.3% of insufficient PA was found during home quarantine induced by COVID-19. - The prevalence of insufficient PA more than doubled during the initial stage of COVID-19 epidemic in China (global: 27.5% vs. China in epidemic stage: 57.5%, 2, p < 0.0001) |
| Yamada et al. (2020) | IPAQ | - Moderate-intensity activities (>3 and <6 METs); - Vigorous-intensity activities (≥6 METs). |
- Significant decrease in total PA time in April 2020 (median [IQR], 180 [0 to 420]) when compared to January 2020 (median [IQR], 245 [90 to 480]) (P < 0.001). |
| de Matos et al. (2020) | IPAQ | - Inactive - <600 MET-min/week; - Insufficiently active - ≥600 and <3000 met-min/week; - Active - ≥3000 MET-min/week. |
- In the pandemic period, 84% of the sample was considered inactive, 13% moderate active, and 3% high active; - In relation to the periods before and during the pandemic, it was observed that: in elderly (p < 0.0001) the weekly energy expenditure reduced significantly. |
| Chambonniere et al. (2021) | IPAQ; ONAPS-PAQ | - Inactive (≤ 2 h and 30 min per week of moderate to vigorous PA). | - 39.2% decreased PA during the confinement; - PA decreased among 43.4% of old people who lived in urban areas; - PA decreased 32.4% (p = 0.001) of old people who lived in rural areas; |
| Miyahara et al. (2021) | Accelerometer | - Light-intensity PA (1.5–2.9 METs); - Moderate-intensity PA (≥3 METs); |
- The PA level of daily activity decreased by 32.6%; - Light-intensity PA decreased by 18.2%; - Walking activity decreased by 17.0%; - The average daily number of steps decreased by 38.9%. - In the High-PA group, the number of steps, activity time, moderate-intensity PA, light-intensity PA, and total PA decreased after self-restraint (p > 0.02) |
| Yamada et al. (2021) | IPAQ-SF. | - Moderate-intensity activities (>3 and <6 METs); - Vigorous-intensity activities (≥6 METs). |
- Significant decrease in total PA time in April 2020, August 2020 and January 2021 than in January 2020 (P < 0.001). |
| Carvalho et al. (2021) | IPAQ-SF. | - High, moderate, or low PA (according to IPAQ-SV scoring protocol - http://www.ipaq.ki.se/) | - 90% of older adults self-reported a decrease in overall PA levels; - 64.7% increased daily sitting time during the home confinement. |
| Lage et al. (2021) | IPAQ-SF | - <150 min per week" or “>150 min per week” of moderate to vigorous PA. | - 83.80% self-reported a decrease in daily PA levels (p < 0.001); - 73.90% increased sitting time (p < 0.001). |
| Nascimento et al. (2021) | IPAQ-SF | - Low PA level (0 to <600 MET·min weekly); - Medium PA level (600 to <1200 MET·min weekly); - High PA level (≥1200 MET·min weekly). |
- At the beginning of the study, 56.8% of the older adults were classified as active, and after the first month, 18.5% reported changes in this condition; - Changes in MET'S, which presented lower values when compared with April and August (p < 0.01, for both); - There was an increase in sitting time compared with April independent of the measure period (week and weekend, p < 0.01 for both). |
| García-Esquinas et al. (2021) | PASE | NM | - Mean reduction in the PASE score of 16.66 points |
| Leavy et al. (2021) | Accelerometer | - Sedentary behavior (<100 counts per minute) - Light-intensity PA (100–1040 counts per minute); - Moderate to vigorous intensity PA (≥1041 counts per minute). |
- No statistically significant difference in overall PA level (steps per day) was seen between prepandemic and postpandemic measures (P = 0.429). |
| Salman et al. (2021) | IPAQ-SF | - Low active (<600 MET–minutes/week); - Moderate active (>600 MET–minutes/week); - High active (>3000 MET–minutes/week). |
- Mean PA was significantly lower following the introduction of lockdown from 3519 to 3185 MET min/week (p < 0.001) |
Legend: Physical Activity (PA); International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short form (IPAQ-SF); Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam Physical Activity Questionnaire (LAPAQ); Parkinson's disease (PD); Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE); Brief Physical Activity Assessment Tool (BPAAT); Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument (LLFDI); Metabolic Equivalent Task (MET); International Physical Activity Questionnaire Environment Module (IPAQ-E); Physical Activity Questionnaire for Elderly Japanese (PQA-EJ); Body Mass Index (BMI); World Health Organization (WHO); Not mentioned (NM); Interquartile range (IQR).