Table 3.
Quality assessments for cross-sectional studies included (NEWCASTLE - OTTAWA QUALITY ASSESSMENT SCALE).
| Cross-sectional studies (n = 14) |
Selection |
Comparability |
Outcome |
Total Score | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representativeness of the sample | Sample size | Non-respondents | Ascertainment of the exposure (risk factor) | The subjects in different outcome groups are comparable | Assessment of the outcome | Statistical test | ||
| Balci et al. (2021) | – | – | ☆ | ☆☆ | ☆☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆☆☆☆☆☆ (7) |
| Pérez et al. (2021) | – | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆☆☆☆☆☆ (7) |
| Maugeri et al. (2020) | – | – | – | – | – | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆ (2) |
| Sasaki et al. (2021) | ☆ | ☆ | – | ☆☆ | – | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆☆☆☆☆ (6) |
| Qin et al. (2020) | – | ☆ | – | ☆☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆☆☆☆☆ (6) |
| Yamada et al. (2020) | – | ☆ | – | ☆☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆☆☆☆☆ (6) |
| de Matos et al. (2020) | – | – | – | ☆ | ☆☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆☆☆☆ (5) |
| Meyer et al. (2020) | – | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆ | – | ☆ | – | ☆☆☆☆☆☆ (6) |
| Richardson et al. (2021) | – | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆☆☆☆☆☆ (7) |
| Di Santo et al. (2020) | – | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆☆☆☆☆☆ (7) |
| Ruiz-Roso et al. (2020) | – | – | ☆ | ☆☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆☆☆☆☆ (6) |
| Carvalho et al. (2021) | – | – | – | ☆☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆☆☆☆ (5) |
| Lage et al. (2021) | ☆ | ☆ | – | ☆☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆☆☆☆ ☆☆ (7) |
| Leavy et al. (2021) | – | – | – | ☆☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆ | ☆☆☆☆☆ (5) |