Table 1.
Characterization of the study participants.
| Covariate | Discovery Set (n = 330) | Validation Set (n = 247) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HCs | 2-DM | DN | HCs | 2-DM | DNE | DNA | |
| Number | 110 | 110 | 110 | 59 | 60 | 64 | 64 |
| Male/Female | 52/58 | 72/38 | 67/43 | 38/21 | 39/21 | 35/29 | 42/22 |
| Age (years) | 31.20 ± 8.4 | 53.75 ± 10.9 | 57.88 ± 10.2 | 34.47 ± 9.2 | 56.65 ± 10.9 | 53.38 ± 13.0 | 65.55 ± 12.2 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.71 ± 2.9 | 24.51 ± 5.3 | 25.61 ± 5.1 | 22.14 ± 2.9 | 25.18 ± 2.8 | 31.84 ± 44.9 | 25.94 ± 4.1 |
| HbA1c (%) | — | 6.2 ± 4.1 | 6.2 ± 4.0 | — | 8.8 ± 2.0 | 9.2 ± 2.0 | 7.6 ± 1.5 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | — | 99.52 ± 14.0 | 74.75 ± 37.8 | — | 100.76 ± 14.0 | 99.89 ± 22.9 | 32.55 ± 25.7 |
| ALB (g/L) | 44.54 ± 2.4 | 38.88 ± 2.9 | 35.77 ± 6.0 | 42.03 ± 5.5 | 39.54 ± 4.3 | 38.90 ± 3.4 | 30.15 ± 4.7 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5 ± 1 | 7 ± 2 | 10 ± 6 | 5 ± 1 | 6 ± 2 | 7 ± 3 | 16 ± 7 |
| Scr (μmol/L) | 67 ± 12 | 68 ± 15 | 136 ± 152 | 68 ± 13 | 63 ± 12 | 67 ± 22 | 262 ± 172 |
| Glu (mmol/L) | 5 ± 0 | 8 ± 3 | 8 ± 3 | 5 ± 0 | 8 ± 3 | 10 ± 4 | 7 ± 4 |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 287 ± 69 | 308 ± 93 | 352 ± 141 | 289 ± 69 | 290 ± 97 | 326 ± 106 | 453 ± 121 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4 ± 1 | 4 ± 1 | 5 ± 2 | 5 ± 0 | 4 ± 1 | 5 ± 1 | 5 ± 2 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1 ± 0 | 2 ± 4 | 2 ± 2 | 1 ± 0 | 2 ± 2 | 3 ± 3 | 2 ± 1 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2 ± 0 | 1 ± 0 | 1 ± 0 | 2 ± 0 | 1 ± 0 | 1 ± 0 | 1 ± 0 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2 ± 1 | 3 ± 1 | 3 ± 1 | 3 ± 0 | 3 ± 1 | 3 ± 1 | 3 ± 1 |
| ACR (mg/g) | — | 12.61 ± 5.8 | 1,160.07 ± 1,883.8 | — | 12.66 ± 7.7 | 69.81 ± 56.9 | 2,756.76 ± 2,087.4 |
| 24-hour urinary protein quantity (mg/24h) | — | 37.92 ± 26.8 | 1,437.67 ± 2,298.2 | — | 48.36 ± 67.1 | 138.89 ± 295.2 | 3,555.62 ± 3,506.2 |