Table 1.

Definitions of innovation orientation.

Manu (1992)	Innovation orientation, being strategic in nature, encompasses all of a firm’s total innovation programs since it provides direction for dealing with the markets.
Manu and Sriram (1996)	Innovation orientation is a three-component construct: introduction of new products, expenditure on RandD (products and processes), and order of entry into the market.
Hurley and Hult (1998)	Innovation orientation implies that one of the aspects of the firm’s culture is openness to new ideas.
Worren et al. (2002)	Innovation orientation is a two-component construct: business strategic intent and climate of innovation.
Siguaw et al. (2006)	Innovation orientation is a multidimensional knowledge structure. It comprises a learning philosophy, a strategic direction, and cross-functional beliefs which, in turn, guide and direct all of the firm’s strategies and actions, including those embedded in the firm’s formal and informal systems, behaviors, skills, and processes. Together they foster innovative thinking and facilitate the successful development, evolution, and execution of innovations.
Talke et al. (2011)	Innovation orientation is a construct made up of two types of strategic innovation orientation: proactive market orientation, and proactive technology orientation.
Norris and Ciesielska (2019)	Innovation orientation is a multiple construct with a focus on driving innovation-based practices and values throughout the organization primarily through four core aspects: culture, structure flexibility, capital and knowledge capabilities, and understanding environmental dynamics with the aim of driving positive organizational performance.